Midterm 2-module 3 Power Point

Question 1

Self-concept

Answer 1

Our self beliefs and self evaluations

We compare situations with our current (perceived self) and desired (ideal self)

Question 2

3 levels of self concept

Answer 2

Individual

Relational

Collective

Question 3

Self concept model how to remember

Answer 3

3 Cs and 4 selves

Question 4

Self concept characteristics (3 Cs)

Answer 4

Complexity

Consistency

Clarity

Question 5

Self concept characteristics (3 Cs)

Complexity

Answer 5

Number of distinct/ important identities peoples perceive about themselves

People have multiple self-concepts

Higher complexity when selves are separate (not similar)

Question 6

Self concept characteristics (3 Cs)

Consistency

Answer 6

Multiple selves require similar personality attributes

Self-views are compatible with actual attributes

Question 7

Self concept characteristics (3 Cs)

Clarity

Answer 7

Self-concept is clear, confidently defined, and stable

Clarity increases with age and high consistency

Question 8

Outcomes of self-concept characteristics

People have better wellbeing with:

Answer 8

Multiple selves (complexity)

High consistency selves

Well established selves (clarity)

Question 9

Outcomes of self-concept characteristics

Effects on individual behaviour and performance

Answer 9

High self complexity:
-more adaptive. More diverse networks, more stressful, more resources needed to maintain several identities

Less complex selves:
-more investment in fewer roles, which may lead to higher performance

High self concept clarity:
-better performance, leadership, career development, less threatened by conflict

But very high clarity may cause role inflexibility

Question 10

Self concept: self enhancement

Answer 10

Drive to promote and protect a positive self view:
-competent, attractive, lucky, ethical, valued
-evident in common and important situations

Self-enhancement outcomes:
-better mental and physical health
-higher motivation due to “can-do” beliefs
-riskier decisions, inflated perceived personal causation, slower to recognize mistakes

Question 11

Self concept: self verification

Answer 11

Motivation to confirm and maintain our self verification

Stabilizes our self concept:
-we communicate self-concept to others
-we seek confirming feedback

Self verification outcomes:
-affects perceptions— selective attention
-dismiss feedback contrary to self concept
-motivated to interact with those who affirm our self view

Question 12

Self concept: self evaluation

Answer 12

Self esteem:
-extent to which people like, respect, and are satisfied with themselves
-high self esteem: less influenced by others, more persistent, more logical thinking

Self-efficacy:
-belief that we can successfully perform a task (MARS factors)
- general self efficacy, “can-do” beliefs across situations

Locus of control:
-general belief about personal control over life events
-higher self evaluation with internal locus of control

Question 13

Self concept: social self

Answer 13

Opposing motives:
-need to be distinctive and unique (personal identity)
-need for inclusion and assimilation with others (social identity)

Question 14

Perception and selective attention

Answer 14

Receiving sensory information and making sense of surroundings

Question 15

Selective attention

Answer 15

Affected by perceiver and object perceived

Emotional markers tagged to selected information

Question 16

Selective attention biases

Answer 16

Assumptions/ expectations

Confirmation bias

Question 17

Perception

Answer 17

Process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us

Question 18

Selective attention

Answer 18

Selecting versus ignoring sensory information:
-affected by characteristics of perceived and object perceived
-emotional markers are assigned to selected information

Question 19

Perceptual organization and interpretation

Answer 19

Perceptual grouping processes reduce information volume and complexity

Question 20

Categorical thinking

Answer 20

Organizing people or things

Question 21

Perceptual grouping principles

Answer 21

Similarity or proximity

Closure: filling in missing pieces

Perceiving patterns/trends

Question 22

Interpreting incoming information

Answer 22

Emotional markers automatically evaluate information

Question 23

Mental models in perceptions

Answer 23

Knowledge structures that we develop to describe explain and predict the world around us
-visual: image road maps
-relational: cause-effect
-important for sense-making

Question 24

Problem with mental models

Answer 24

They make it difficult to see the world in different ways

Constantly need to question them

Question 25

Stereotyping

Answer 25

Assigning traits to ppl based on their membership in social categories -kernels of truth, but embellished, distorted, supplemented

Question 26

Why do people stereotype

Answer 26

Categorical thinking Fulfills drive to comprehend and predict others behaviour Supports self enhancement and social identity

Question 27

Social identity and self enhancement reinforce stereotyping through:

Answer 27

Categorization: categorize people into groups Homogenization: assign similar traits within a group; different traits to other groups Differentiation: assign more favourable attributes to our groups; less favourable to other groups

Question 28

Categorization

Answer 28

Categorize people into groups

Question 29

Homogenization

Answer 29

Assign similar traits within a group; different traits to other groups

Question 30

Differentiation

Answer 30

Assign more favourable attributes to our groups; less favourable to other groups

Question 31

Problems with stereotyping

Answer 31

Inaccurate description of most members Stereotype threat Foundation of systemic and intentional discrimination

Question 32

Overcoming stereotype biases

Answer 32

Difficult to prevent stereotype activation Possible to minimize stereotype application

Question 33

Attribution theory

Answer 33

Perceptual process of deciding whether an observed behaviour or event is caused mainly by internal or external factors

Question 34

Internal attribution vs external attribution

Answer 34

Perceiving that behaviour/ event is caused mainly by the person Vs Perceiving that behaviour/event is caused mainly by factors beyond the persons control

Question 35

Attribution rules

Answer 35

Consistency: -did this person act this way in this situation in the past Distinctiveness: -does this person act this way in other situations Consensus: -do other people act this way in this situation If yes then no then yes then its external attribution If yes then yes then no then its internal attribution

Question 36

Importance of the attribution process

Answer 36

Improves our mental model of causation We respond differently to attributions of our own behaviour and performance

Question 37

Self serving bias

Answer 37

Attributing our failures to external causes, our successes to internal causes Due to self enhancement process

Question 38

Fundamental attribution error (correspondence bias)

Answer 38

Tendency to overemphasize internal causes of others actions Difficult to see external causes of others behaviour Fairly modest error effect

Question 39

Self fulfilling prophecy cycle

Answer 39

1. Supervisor forms expectations about the employee V 2. supervisors expectations affect their behaviour toward the employee V 3. Supervisors behaviour affects the employees ability and motivation (self confidence) V 4. Employees behaviour becomes more consistent with the supervisors initial expectations V Repeat

Question 40

Contingency of self fulfilling prophecy Self fulfilling prophecy effect is strongest when

Answer 40

At the beginning of the relationship When several people hold the same expectations When employee has low achievement

Question 41

Contingency of self fulfilling prophecy Minimizing self fulfilling prophecy error how

Answer 41

Leaders need to develop and maintain a positive yet realistic expectation toward all employees Minimizing self fulfilling prophecy error: -awareness has minimal effect on reducing this bias -supporting/learning organizational culture -hiring supervisors who are inherently optimistic toward staff

Question 42

Other perceptual effects Halo effect

Answer 42

General impression of person from one trait affects perception of persons other traits

Question 43

Other perceptual effects False consensus effect

Answer 43

Overestimate extent that others share our beliefs or traits

Question 44

Other perceptual effects Recency effect

Answer 44

Most recent information dominates our perceptions

Question 45

Other perceptual effects Primary effect

Answer 45

Quickly form Opinion of others based on first information received about them

Question 46

Global mindset

Answer 46

Ability to perceive , know about, and process information across cultures: -adopting a global perspective -empathizing and acting effectively across cultures -processing complex information about novel environments -developing new multilevel mental models

Question 47

Developing a global mindset

Answer 47

Begins with self awareness Compare our mental models with diverse other Improve knowledge of people/cultures

Question 48

Know yourself (Johari window)

Answer 48

It’s in a square like the genetics Known to self | known to others (on top) Known to others ———————— Unkown to others (left side rows) -known to others and self (open area) -known to others and unknown to self (blind area) -known to self unkown to others(hidden area) -unknown to others and unknown to self (unknown area)

Question 49

How to improve perceptions

Answer 49

Awareness of perceptual biases Improving self awareness Meaningful interaction

Question 50

How to improve perceptions Awareness of perceptual biases Problem

Answer 50

Problems: reinforces stereotypes, limited effect on prejudice

Question 51

How to improve perceptions Improving self awareness Problems

Answer 51

Implicit association test and johari window Problems: A) difficult to avoid implicit bias activation B) more sensitized and self conscious with target groups

Question 52

How to improve perceptions Meaningful interactions

Answer 52

People work together on valued activities Based on contact hypothesis: -interaction reduces perceptual biases Improving self of others Improves empathy: -understanding and being sensitive to the feelings, thoughts, and situations of others

Question 53

Global mindset abilities

Answer 53

Adopting a global perspective Empathizing and acting effectively across cultures Processing complex information about novel environments Developing new multilevel mental models

Question 54

Developing a global mindset

Answer 54

Begins with self awareness Compare own mental models with those of people from other cultures/ regions Develop better knowledge of people and cultures preferably through immersion