Midterm 2 terms

Question 1

Perithecium

Answer 1

Flask shaped fruit body in ascomycetes, holds the asci.

Question 2

Ascospore

Answer 2

Sexual spore formed inside asci.

Question 3

Basidium

Answer 3

Club shaped cell found in basidiomycota, produces basidiospores.

Question 4

Clamp connection

Answer 4

In basidiomycota, ensures that each new daughter cell receives a pair of nuclei from the mating types, preserves the dikaryon.

Question 5

Hook cell

Answer 5

A curved hyphen structure that aids in distribution of nuclei during sexual reproduction.

Question 6

Cortina

Answer 6

A thin veil, protective covering, looks like a cobweb.

Question 7

Stipe

Answer 7

The stem of a mushroom

Question 8

Bioluminescence

Answer 8

Luciferase pigment reacts with oxygen in some mushrooms, resulting in the eminence of light.

Question 9

Microbial growth curve

Answer 9

Lag –> Log –> Stationary –> Death

Question 10

Homothallic

Answer 10

Self-fertile organisms

Question 11

Heterothallic

Answer 11

Non-self fertile organisms, require compatible partner.

Question 12

Bipolar mating pattern

Answer 12

Two mating types, determined by a single allele at one locus, must fuse in order for sexual reproduction to occur.

Question 13

Saprotrophic

Answer 13

An organism which feeds on dead organic matter

Question 14

Extrolites

Answer 14

Metabolites secreted by an organism into the environment, often used for interactions with other organisms.

Question 15

Radiotroph

Answer 15

An organism that moves towards a source of ionizing radiation

Question 16

Psychotropic

Answer 16

Contains psychoactive compounds

Question 17

Xerotolerant

Answer 17

Fungi that can grow in dry or low water environments

Question 18

Gravitropism

Answer 18

Directional growth in response to gravity.

Question 19

Circadian rhythm

Answer 19

24h cycle that regulates physical and behavioural changes.

Question 20

Petit mutant

Answer 20

A yeast mutant that forms many small colonies on agar plates due to inability to perform oxidative phosphorylation, have defective mitochondria DNA.

Question 21

Autotroph

Answer 21

Organisms that can produce their own nutrients.

Question 22

Hyphal tip extension

Answer 22

Process by which fungal hyphae grow. Driven by turgor pressure and the delivery of new materials from the Spizenkorper.

Question 23

Defined vs complex media

Answer 23

Defined: Only pure chemicals at exact concentrations.
Complex: Undefined, natural ingredients where chemical composition is unknown.

Question 24

Teleomorph versus anamorph

Answer 24

Sexual stage vs asexual stage.

Question 25

Conidium

Answer 25

An asexually produced spore at the tip of a hypha.

Question 26

Thermophilic

Answer 26

Organisms that thrive in high temperatures environments.

Question 27

Sterigmata

Answer 27

Stalks that support spores of conidia.

Question 28

Basidiomata

Answer 28

Spore-producing fruit bodies in the phylum basidiomycota.

Question 29

Fractals

Answer 29

The growth patterns of fungi. Infinitely complex and self-repeating.

Question 30

Volva

Answer 30

Cup-like structure at the base of a mushroom.

Question 31

Pileus

Answer 31

Cap of a mushroom

Question 32

Dikaryon

Answer 32

Cell that contains two genetically distinct, unfused haploid nuclei, one from each parent cell.

Question 33

Mesophilic

Answer 33

Fungi that grow best at moderate temperatures.

Question 34

Biotroph

Answer 34

Obtain nutrients from living host plant cells, often causing crop disease.

Question 35

Tetrapolar mating

Answer 35

Basidiomycota, two mating types must be compatible at A and B locus, both must have different alleles for mating to occur.

Question 36

Heterotroph

Answer 36

Organisms which cannot produce their own food and must obtain nutrients from the external environment.

Question 37

Mutualistic

Answer 37

Form symbiotic relationships where both the fungus and the partner organisms benefit (Ex. mycorrhizae).

Question 38

Primary metabolism

Answer 38

Essential reactions for growth, energy production and cell maintenance. Ex. Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, respiration.

Question 39

Cryptic species

Answer 39

Closely related species that seem indistinguishable by observation, Only can differentiate through genetic analysis.

Question 40

Cardinal temperatures

Answer 40

Minimum, maximum and optimal temperatures for growth.

Question 41

Phototropism

Answer 41

Directional growth towards or away from light.

Question 42

Spitzenkorper

Answer 42

Organelle at the hyphen tip, aggravates vesicles from Golgi apparatus. Vesicles have cell wall components, released via exocytosis to extend cell membrane and build the new cell wall.

Question 43

Thigmotropism

Answer 43

Directional growth in response to physical touch.

Question 44

Brown/white rot

Answer 44

Brown rot degrades cellulose, while white rot degrades cellulose and lignins.

Question 45

Dichotomous key

Answer 45

A tool used to identify species by following a series of choices.

Question 46

General nutritional requirements of fungi

Answer 46

An external source of carbon, energy from organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, potassium and magnesium.

Question 47

Facultative anaerobe

Answer 47

Organisms that can grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen.