WHAP > MIDTERM > Flashcards

MIDTERM Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the civil service exam and how did it produce a meritocracy?

A

An exam on Confucian texts; officials chosen by knowledge, not birth

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2
Q

What was Confucianism and how did it influence China?

A

A philosophy on proper relationships; created social order and obedience

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3
Q

How was Buddhism different from Confucianism?

A

Buddhism focused on salvation; Confucianism focused on society

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4
Q

What did Daoism teach?

A

Living in harmony

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5
Q

What transportation route did Song China promote to move goods over a vast internal area?

A

The Grand Canal

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6
Q

What type of money did the Chinese first use to make buying and selling goods easier?

A

Paper money

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7
Q

What was Chinese “flying cash”?

A

A bill of exchange usable in another city

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8
Q

What military item did the Chinese first use?

A

Gunpowder

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9
Q

What imported food from Vietnam allowed for multiple harvests and population growth?

A

Champa rice

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10
Q

What did China invent that allowed the spread of knowledge and ideas?

A

Printing

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11
Q

Name two valuable items that China sold across Asia and to Europeans.

A

Silk; porcelain

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12
Q

What are two naval inventions that improved oceanic travel?

A

Compass; sternpost rudder

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13
Q

What was mercantilism and how did Adam Smith challenge it?

A

State-controlled trade; free trade

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14
Q

What was a joint-stock company and how was it used to aid European exploration?

A

Shared investment; funded expenses

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15
Q

How was the corporation important for funding the Industrial Revolution?

A

Allowed large amounts of capital

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16
Q

What was the Commercial Revolution and why was it needed later?

A

Growth of trade; funded industrialization

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17
Q

What are two ways women were restricted under Islam?

A

Veiling; polygamy

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18
Q

How were upper-class women restricted in China?

A

Foot binding

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19
Q

What greater freedom did Mongol women have?

A

They could travel and ride horses

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20
Q

What religion traveled over the Silk Road to China?

A

Buddhism

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21
Q

What disease traveled over the Silk Road from China to Europe?

A

The Black Death

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22
Q

What religion traveled from the Middle East and took over northern India?

A

Islam

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23
Q

What was the relationship of the Mongols to the Silk Road?

A

They protected and promoted trade

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24
Q

Define “the Pax Mongolica.”

A

Peace and safety under Mongol rule

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25
What are two things traded from Africa to Asia and the Middle East?
Gold; slaves
26
What was traded from India to Africa and the Middle East?
Cotton; spices
27
What was traded from Southeast Asia to Africa, India, and the Middle East?
Spices
28
Name the three religions (in order) that traveled to Southeast Asia.
Hinduism → Buddhism → Islam
29
Knowledge of what weather feature aided trade?
Monsoon winds
30
What good did the Kingdom of Mali trade to the Middle East?
Gold
31
What is Mansa Musa most famous for?
His pilgrimage to Mecca
32
What religion crossed from the Middle East to North Africa?
Islam
33
How did Louis XIV show his glory?
Built Versailles
34
How did Peter the Great show his glory?
Built St. Petersburg
35
How did the Ottoman Mehmet show his glory?
Built mosques and Topkapi palace
36
How did Mughal Shah Jahan show his love for his dead wife?
Built the Taj Mahal
37
How did Italian Renaissance merchants show their wealth?
Patronage of artists
38
How did the Malian king display religious devotion?
Built the Great Mosque of Timbuktu
39
What diaspora moved from the Middle East to the East African coast?
Muslim traders
40
What diaspora group was repeatedly expelled in Europe and Palestine?
Jews
41
What was the policy of Genghis Khan toward religion?
Tolerance
42
What was the policy of Akbar toward religion?
Tolerance
43
What was the Safavid attitude toward religion?
Shia intolerance of Sunnis
44
Under Islam, who were the two People of the Book?
Jews; Christians
45
How were Sufis and the Bhakti movement similar and different?
Both emphasized devotion; Sufis: monotheist, Bhakti: polytheist
46
What are the two main branches of Buddhism and how are they different?
Theravada: personal enlightenment; Mahayana: bodhisattvas help others
47
According to Buddhism, what causes suffering, and how do Christians disagree?
Desire; Christians say sin
48
What is meant by Dar al-Islam?
Lands ruled by Islam
49
What was the religious policy of Umayyad Spain?
Tolerance
50
What are the two branches of Islam and how are they different?
Sunni: community leadership; Shia: Muhammad’s family line
51
What religious split occurred in Europe in 1517?
The Protestant Reformation
52
What were the Thirty Years’ Wars and the solution of the Treaty of Westphalia?
Protestant vs Catholic wars; rulers choose religion
53
What were the Crusades and the economic result?
Holy wars; increased trade demand
54
What was Ottoman religious policy?
Tolerance
55
What was the Ottoman position on exiled Jews?
They accepted them
56
What was a millet?
A non-Muslim religious community
57
What was the devshirme system and its link to the Janissaries?
Christian boys taken into Janissary army for military service
58
How did China’s view of merchants differ from Islam’s?
China disrespected merchants; Islam respected them
59
What brought wealth to Italian Renaissance city-states?
Mediterranean trade
60
What was Hanseatic League wealth based on?
Baltic and North Sea trade
61
How did Islam differ from the Hindu caste system?
Equality vs social hierarchy
62
How did this (castes) system shape the teaching of the Indian prince Siddhartha?
He rejected caste inequality
63
Label the Spanish American caste system (exclude zambos).
Peninsulares → Creoles → Mestizos → Indians → Mulattoes → Slaves
64
Describe Russia’s social hierarchy before 1861.
Tsar → clergy → boyars → serfs
65
What is a tributary state?
A state that pays tribute
66
Name two tributary states of China.
Korea; Vietnam
67
What tribute did the Aztecs demand?
Gold; slaves; human sacrifices
68
What is similar about the mita and corvée?
Forced labor tax
69
What was a zamindar?
Local tax collector under Mughals
70
What was Ottoman tax farming?
Private tax collection for profit
71
What did China call itself?
The Middle Kingdom
72
Who was Zheng He and what did he do?
Chinese admiral; led naval voyages
73
What did the Ming dynasty do to Zheng He’s fleet?
Destroyed it
74
What is unique about the Yuan and Qing dynasties, and name the majority ethnic group?
Non-Han rulers; Han majority
75
What is Japan’s unique religion?
Shinto
76
What religion traveled to Japan from China?
Buddhism
77
How was Japanese feudalism similar to European feudalism?
Lords, warriors, and serfs
78
What are two Aztec achievements for water and farming?
Aqueducts; chinampas
79
What enriched Spanish conquerors?
Gold and silver
80
What system replaced fallow fields?
Crop rotation
81
What two crops came to Europe from the Americas?
Corn; potatoes
82
What Caribbean crop increased slavery?
Sugar
83
Define the Agricultural Revolution and its importance.
Increased crop production; supported factories
84
Name three Agricultural Revolution practices.
Seed drill; enclosure; new crops
85
What ship did the Portuguese develop?
Caravel
86
What sail did they adopt?
Lateen sail
87
Why did the Portuguese sail around Africa?
Reach Asia and gold
88
Why did the Spanish sail west?
Reach Asia
89
What was an encomienda?
Spanish forced-labor system
90
What was a serf?
Laborer bound to land
91
How did Indian Ocean slavery differ from American slavery?
Less plantation-based
92
Name an African rebellion leader and enemy.
Nzinga vs Portuguese
93
Name a Russian rebellion leader and enemy.
Pugachev vs Catherine the Great
94
Name a Native American rebellion leader and enemy.
Popé vs Spanish
95
Name a Caribbean rebellion leader and enemy.
Queen Nanny vs British
96
Name the three Gunpowder Empires and why gunpowder mattered.
Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals; military advantage
97
Importance of Francis Bacon?
Scientific method
98
Importance of René Descartes?
Deductive reasoning
99
Importance of Isaac Newton?
Laws of motion and gravity
100
Importance of Copernicus?
Heliocentrism
101
What did James Watt invent?
Steam engine
102
What two transports used steam power?
Ships; railroads
103
What was the Enlightenment and its effect on government?
Reason; natural rights
104
How did John Locke affect Britain or America?
Government protects rights
105
Montesquieu’s key belief?
Separation of powers
106
Glorious, American, French, Haitian, Latin American Revolutions: Who rebelled, against whom, why, result, and famous document?
Glorious: Who vs Against: Parliament vs king Why: Taxation Result: Limited monarchy Doc: Bill of Rights American: Who vs Against: Colonists vs king Why: Taxation Result: Independence Doc: Declaration of Independence French: Who vs Against: Third Estate vs monarchy Why: Taxation Result: Revolution Doc: Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Haitian: Who vs Against: Slaves vs plantation owners Why: Slavery Result: Independence Doc: Haitian Declaration of Independence Latin American: Who vs Against: Creoles vs Peninsulares Why: Trade restrictions, social inequality Result: Independence Doc: Jamaica Letter
107
Manuela Sáenz:? Lola Rodríguez de Tió? Wollstonecraft?
Manuela Sáenz: revolutionary supporter Lola Rodríguez de Tió: nationalist writer Mary Wollstonecraft: women’s rights author
108
Marx’s solution, book, proletariat, bourgeoisie?
Communism; *Communist Manifesto*; workers vs owners
109
Compare Italian and German unification: State that led unification, name of unification leader, name of king, ally, who did this state fight?
Italy: Led unification: Piedmont Unification leader: Cavour and Garibaldi King: Victor Emmanuel II Ally: France Fought: Austria Germany: Led unification: Prussia Unification leader: Bismarck King: Wilhelm I Ally: no ally Fought: Denmark, Austria, France
110
What is realpolitik?
Doing what works
111
Why did Japan industrialize but China did not?
China resisted change + civil war; Japan sought modernization
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