Midterm #3 - Appendix A

Question 1

measurement scale

Answer 1

• a classification system used to measure a variable
• can be nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio

Question 2

nominal scale

Answer 2

• numbers are used as substitute for category names
• ex. gender ethnicity, or relationship status

Question 3

dummy coding

Answer 3

• process of assigning numbers to represent categories when measuring nominal scale variables

Question 4

dichotomous variable

Answer 4

• a nominal scale variable with only two categories

Question 5

ordinal scale

Answer 5

• numbers are used to rank the variable on some dimension

Question 6

interval scale

Answer 6

• numbers indicate an ordering to the measurements, and the difference between each measurement value is the same

Question 7

ratio scale

Answer 7

• numbers indicate an ordering to the measurements
• difference between each measurement value is the same
• there’s a true zero point

Question 8

frequency distrubtion

Answer 8

• a table with 2 columns

Question 9

histogram

Answer 9

• type of chart used to graph continuous variables
• frequency of measurement is represented with bars that touch

Question 10

frequency polygon

Answer 10

• type of chart used to graph continuous variable
• frequency measurement is represented with a point in the graph
• points connected with a line

Question 11

normal distribution

Answer 11

• a distribution of scores that resembles a bell-shaped curve
• symmetrical with one peak, shows an equivalent mean, median, and mode

Question 12

skewed distribution

Answer 12

• a distribution of scores that is nonsymmetrical because some scores are more extreme than the majority of the other scores

Question 13

which measure of central tendency represents the average of interval and ratio scales?

Answer 13

• the mean

Question 14

which measure of central tendency represents the average of ordinal and ranked data?

Answer 14

• the median

Question 15

which measure of central tendency represents the average of nominal level data?

Answer 15

• the mode

Question 16

range

Answer 16

• measure of variability in the data computed by subtracting the lowest score from the highest score

Question 17

value of correlation coefficient can range from ___ to ____?

Answer 17

• 0 to 1

Question 18

statistical hypothesis testing

Answer 18

• start with the premise that the null hypothesis is correct (there is no difference)

Question 19

alternative hypothesis

Answer 19

• the hypothesis that’s tested against the null hypothesis when engaging in hypothesis testing
• usually the research hypothesis

Question 20

p-value

Answer 20

• the probability of making a type 1 error if the null hypothesis is rejected

Question 21

type I error

Answer 21

• the mistake we make when we decide to reject the null hypothesis when we shouldn’t
• false positive

Question 22

type II error

Answer 22

• the mistake we make when we fail to reject the null hypothesis when it should be rejected
• false negative

Question 23

beta

Answer 23

• the probability of making a type II error

Question 24

Cohen’s d

Answer 24

• a measure of effect size that represents the standardized difference between the means of 2 correlations

Question 25

effect size r

Answer 25

- a measure of effect size that represents the correlation between the IV and the DV in comparisons between 2 conditions

Question 26

confidence interval

Answer 26

- the range of scores that the researcher believes contains the population's true values - usually 95%