1600’s – early 20th century
NURSES AS ANGELS OF MERCY
1600’s – early 20th century
- Virtuous and self sacrificing.
- Kind and compassionate.
- Virginal, moral, religious.
- Images of the Roman Catholic Nuns.
- Florence Nightingale: epitome of the angel of mercy.
1920s
NURSES AS GIRL FRIDAYS
1920s
- Subservient, cooperative.
- Dedicated, modest, loyal.
- Loving, kind, compassionate.
- Everything to everyone.
- Societal perception that nursing was a calling (vocation) – done out of love, not for money.
1930-1940s
NURSES AS HEROINES
1930-1940s
- Brave, rational, dedicated, humanistic, autonomous.
- Major influence was WWII.
- Strong image tied in with the war and military service, sacrifice.
- Societal perception about nursing was of a positive image.
A mental formulation of objects or event, representing the basic way in which ideas are organized and communicated.
CONCEPT
- purposeful set of assumptions or propositions that identify the relationships between concepts.
- provide a systematic view for explaining, predicting, and prescribing phenomena.
THEORY
Mental representation of how things work.
THEORETICAL MODEL
- The theoretical structure that links concepts together for a specific purpose.
- Links major nursing concepts and phenomena to direct nursing decisions.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
- grand theories
- provide structural framework for broad, abstract ideas about nursing
PARADIGM
- collective body of knowledge
- included person, environment, health care and nursing care
METAPARADIGM CONCEPTS
- Provides insight into abstract phenomena, such as human behaviour or nursing science.
- They provide the structural framework for broad, abstract ideas about nursing.
- They are sometimes called paradigms because they represent distinct world views about those phenomena and provide structural framework.
GRAND NURSING THEORY
- address specific phenomena or concepts and reflect practice .
- The phenomena or concepts tend to cross different nursing fields and reflect a variety of nursing care situations.
MIDDLE RANGE NUSING THEORY
- designed to guide and shape practice
- derived from practice setting
- reflected issues that were shaping the role and context of nursing
- Florence Nightingale (client & environment)
- McGill Model (health promotion)
PRACTICE-BASED THEORIES
- client represents a collection of needs
- Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- Virginia Henderson (client is a compilation of 14 needs)
- Dorothy Orem (individual’s role for maintaining health - people are responsible for meeting self-care needs)
NEEDS-BASED THEORIES
focuses on relationship between nurse and client
- Hildegard Peplau (defined core of nursing care as interpersonal relationship between nurse and client)
- Joyce Travelbee (viewed client as client & family & community)
- Evelyn Adam (essence of nursing was helping process)
INTERACTIONIST THEORIES
accounted for the whole of entity (system) and its component parts (subsystems), as well as the interactions between parts and the whole
- Dorothy Johnson (identified the individual as a behavioural system with 7 subsystems, each of which has a goal, a set of behaviours and a choice)
- Betty Neuman (understood the person to be a physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual being)
- Sister Callista Roy (considered the client not as behavioural system but rather as an adaptive one)
SYSTEMS THEORIES
- A characteristic feature of these theories is what Rogers called the unitary human being.
- viewed individual as irreducible whole, inherently connected with environment
- Martha Rogers ( presenting the client not simply as a person but as an energy field in constant interaction with the environment)
- Rosemarie Parse (termed human becoming, was another view of the individual as a unitary being who is “indivisible, unpredictable and everchanging)
- Jean Watson (believed that nurses must do far more than deal with physical illness: they must attend to their primary function which is caring.)
SIMULTANEITY THEORIST
A description of concepts or connection of two concepts that are accepted as factual or true.
ASSUMPTION
Provide the structural framework for broad, abstract ideas about nursing.
PARADIGM
