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Midterm | Imaging Modalities Flashcards

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1
Q

Field in Radiologic Technology that utilizes x-ray machine to visualize the anatomical parts of the body, particulary the skeletal system

A

Radiography

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2
Q

4 classification of radiography

A
  1. Film screen radiography/ Conventional radiography
  2. Computed radiography
  3. Digital radiography
  4. Special procedure radiography
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3
Q

Advantages of radiography

A
  • Widely available
  • Relatively quick
  • Cheap
  • Easy to perform
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4
Q

Disadvantages of radiography

A
  • Harmful ionizing radiation that can damage cells
  • Limited soft tissue contrast resolution (it can be hard to differentiate adjacent soft tissues of similar density from one another)
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5
Q

Machine, energy used, main POI and purpose of radiography

A

Machine: X-ray machine
Energy used: X-rays
Main POI: Skeletal system
Purpose: Diagnosis

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6
Q

Machine, energy used, main POI and purpose of Special procedure radiography

A

Machine: Fluoroscopy/ X-ray machine
Energy used: X-rays
Main POI: Internal organs
Purpose: Diagnosis and treatment

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7
Q

Special equipment/s used in Film screen radiography

A

Cassette
Film
Darkroom
Processing chemicals

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8
Q

Special equipment/s used in Computed radiography

A

Imaging plate
CR reader

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9
Q

Special equipment/s used in Digital radiography

A

Image Receptor

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10
Q

Special equipment/s used in Special procedure radiography

A

Contrast Media

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11
Q

Field in Radiologic Technology that utilizes x-ray machine and contrast media to show the images of the internal organs of the body part not seen in conventional radiography

A

Special Procedure Radiology

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12
Q

Substances that temporarily chanfe the way x-rays or other imaging tools interact with the body

A

Contrast media

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13
Q

Contrast media/materials help physicians diagnose medical conditions by improving the visibility of specific (1), (2), or (3)

A
  1. organs
  2. blood vessels
  3. tissues
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14
Q

In what ways can contrast materials enter the body?

A
  • Orally
  • Rectally
  • injected to a blood vessel
  • injected into spaces within the body
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15
Q

What ways can contrast materials be injected into the blood vessels?

A
  • Intravenously (through the veins)
  • Intraarterially (through the artery)
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16
Q

A fluoroscopy machine is like a video camera where x-rays are produced in a (1) or (2) fashion and generate (3) of the body

A
  1. pulsed
  2. continuous
  3. real-time images
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17
Q

Images are of much lower quality than conventional radiographs to limit the patient’s overall radiation exposure

A

Fluoroscopy machine

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18
Q

Images of fluoroscopy machines are of much lower quality to>

A

To limit the patient’s overall radiation exposure

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19
Q

Advantage of special procedure radiography

A

Allows you to see what is happening in real-time

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20
Q

Disadvantage of special procedure radiography

A
  • Radiation dose is cumulative throughout the examinations
  • Image quality is relatively poor
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21
Q

Field in RT that utilizes x-ray imaging method used to examine the breast for the early detection of cancer and other breast diseases

A

Mammography

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22
Q

Advantages of mammography

A
  • Early detection of breast cancer
  • Improves diagnotic accuracy of patients younger than 50 and in those dense breast
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23
Q

Disadvantages of mammography

A

Interpreations can be difficult because a normal breast can appear differently for each women

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24
Q

Field in RT that involves special radiographic examination of blood vessels using x-ray machine incorporated with computers to enable deleting of bony structures that superimpose with the blood vessels of interest instantaneously

A

Digital Subtraction Angiography

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25
Digital Subtraction Angiography is a field in RT that involves (1) of (2) using (3) to enable deleting of (4) that superimpose with the blood vessels of interest instantaneously
1. special radiographic examination 2. blood vessels 3. x-ray machine incorporated with computers 4. bony structures
26
Type of specialization in RT wherein interventional radiologists make use of imaging techniques or modalities of percutaneous diagnostic and therapeutic procedure
Interventional radiography
27
Term tha tmeans "through the skin"
Percutaneous
28
Interventional radiography is a type of specialization in RT wherein (1) make use of imaging techniques or modalities of (2) and (3)
1. interventional radiologists 2. percutaneous diagnostic 3. therapeutic procedure
29
Field in RT that utilizes a donut-shaped machine that emits x-rays to diagnose abnormalities in the human body by producing a cross-sectional image of the body
Computed Tomography
30
Computed Tomography is a field in RT that utilizes a donut-shaped machine that emits (1) to (2) in the human body by producing a (3) of the body
1. x-rays 2. diagnose abnormalities 3. cross-sectional image
31
Advantages of computed tomography
- Widely available - Quick - Gives a lot of useful information
32
Disadvantages of computed radiography
- Expensive - Higher levels of harmful ionizing radiation exposure
33
Field in RT that utilizes very high frequency sound (not audible to ear) to produce images of the internal organs of the body
Ultrasound
34
Advantages of ultrasound
- Widely-available - Relatively inexpensive - Safe in pregnancy - Does NOT use farmful radiation
35
Disadvantage sof ultrasound
- Operator-dependent - Limited by body habitus/ increased subcutaneosu fat, and bowel gas - Susceptible to artifacts - Unable to see through bone or gas
36
Ultrasound is limited by (1)/(2) and (3), suspectible to (4), and unable to see through (5) or (6)
1. body habitus 2. increased subcutaneous 3. bowel gas 4. artifacts 5. bone 6. gas
37
Field in RT that utilizes a very high magnetic pwer and radiofrequency to produce images of the body— primarily the nervous system and soft tissue
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
38
Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a field in RT that utilizes a very high (1) and (2) to produce images of the body— primarily the (3) and (4)
1. magnetic power 2. radiofrequency 3. nervous system 4. soft tissue
39
Advantages of MRI
- Superior soft tissue contrast resolution - Lacks ionizing radiation
40
Best imaging option for the spinal cord and the reason
MRI; becuase of its superior soft tissue contrast resolution
41
MRI is the preferred choice over other imaging modalities for evaluating what?
- masses and infection in the brain - masses in the abdomen & pelvis
42
Disadvantages of MRI
- Very sensitive to various artifacts - Inexpensive - Difficult for patients with claustrophobia - Contraindicated in some patients - Somwehat operator-dependent
43
To whom is MRI contraindicated?
Patients with - implantable devices - magnetic foreign body
44
Field in RT that utilizes radioactive substances taken in by patients to visualize the function of internal organs
Nuclear medicine
45
Advantages of nuclear medicine
- Excellent in assessing physiologic process - Instrumental in cancer staging & restaging - PET agents improves cancer management
46
Disadvantages of nuclear medicine
- Expensive - PET agents are somewhat limited supply with growing demand - Some agents result in fairly high patient exposure/dose - Not all agents are widely available; some needs to ordered day/s ahead
47
2 classifications of nuclear medicine
- Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography (SPECT) - Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
48
Nuclear imaging technique using gamma rays. Performed by using a gamma camera to acquire multiple 2D images from multiple angles
SPECT
49
SPECT uses a gamma camera to acquire multiple (1) or (2) from multiple angles
1. 2-D images 2. projections
50
Differentiate SPECT and PET in terms of the tools used in order to acquire images
SPECT: Gamma camera PET: BGO or LSO detectors
51
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is also called --- or ---
- PET imaging - PET scan
52
A diagnostic examinaion that involves the acquisition of physiologic images based on the detection of radiation from the emission of positrons
PET
53
PET is a diagnostic examinaion that involves the acquisition of (1) images based on the (2) from the (3)
1. physiologic 2. detection of radiation 3. emission of positrons
54
SPECT: nuclear imagin technique ; PET: ---
diagnostic examination
55
Field in RT that utilizes high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells
Radiation therapy
56
Advantage of radiation therapy
Death of large proportion of cancer cells within the entire tumor
57
Disadvantage of radiation therapy
Damage to surrounding tissues (eg. lung and heart), depending on how close the area of interest is located to the tumor
58
3 types of radiation therapy
1. External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT) 2. Brachytherapy 3. Systemic
59
Field in RT that utilizes a very small dose of ionizng radiation to produce pictures of the inside of the body (usually the lumbar and hips to measure bone loss)
Bone densitometry
60
What part of the body does bone densitometry usually produces a picture of + purpose?
Lower spine/ lumbar and hips to measure bone loss
61
Refers to bone loss
Osteoporosis
62
Special procedure radiography Machine: Energy used: Main POI: Purpose: Special equipment:
Machine: Fluroscopy/ x-ray machine Energy used: X-rays Main POI: Internal organs Purpose: Diagnosis & treatment Special equipment: Contrast media
63
Mammography Machine: Energy used: Main POI: Purpose: Special equipment:
Machine: Mammography unit Energy used: X-rays (low energy) Main POI: Breast Purpose: Diagnosis & Screening Special equipment: Compression paddle
64
Digital Subtraction Angiography Machine: Energy used: Main POI: Purpose: Special equipment:
Machine: Fluoroscope/ x-ray machine Energy used: X-ray Main POI: Blood vessels & heart Purpose: Diagnosis Special equipment: Contrast media
65
Interventional Radiography Machine: Energy used: Main POI: Purpose: Special equipment:
Machine: Fluoroscopy machine Energy used: X-rays Main POI: Blood vessels & heart Purpose: Primarily for treatment Special equipment: - Needles - Guidewires - Catheters - Stents - Embolic agents
66
CT Machine: Energy used: Main POI: Purpose: Special equipment:
Machine: CT scan Energy used: X-rays Main POI: internal organs Purpose: Diagnosis Special equipment: Donut-shaped machine/ Gantry
67
Ultrasound Machine: Energy used: Main POI: Purpose: Special equipment:
Machine: UTS machine Energy used: Very high frequency sound wave Main POI: Soft tissues not covered by bones Purpose: Diagnosis Special equipment: Transducer, gel
68
MRI Machine: Energy used: Main POI: Purpose: Special equipment:
Machine: MRI machine Energy used: radiofrequency Main POI: nervous & muscular systems Purpose: Diagnosis Special equipment: Magnets
69
Nuclear Medicine Machine: Energy used: Main POI: Purpose: Special equipment:
Machine: PET/SPECT machine Energy used: Positron/Gamma Main POI: All (for physiological evaluation) Purpose: Diagnosis, monitoring, treatment Special equipment: Radiopharmaceuticals, hot lab
70
Radiation therapy Machine: Energy used: Main POI: Purpose: Special equipment:
Machine: Linear Accelerator (LINAC) Energy used: - X-rays - Gamma - Electron beams - Protons Main POI: Cancer cells/ organs Purpose: Treatment Special equipment: Cerrobend or lead block shieldings
71
Bone densitometry Machine: Energy used: Main POI: Purpose: Special equipment:
Machine: Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) Energy used: X-rays Main POI: Bone (osteoposoris) Purpose: Diagnosis Special equipment: Bone densitometer
72
Differentiate MRI and CT san in terms of the donut-shaped machines they use
MRI: Bore CT Scan: Gantry
73
Imaging modalities
1. Radiography (Film-Screen, Computed, Digital) 2. Special Procedure Radiography 3. Mammography 4. Digital Subtraction Angiography 5. Interventional Radiography 6. Computed Tomography 7. Ultrasound 8. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 9. Nuclear Medicine 10. Radiation Therapy 11. Bone Densitometry
74
Best imaging modality for a broken bone
X-ray
75
Best imaging modality for pregnancy
Ultrasound
76
Best imaging modality for a stroke
MRI
77
Best imaging modality for spinal cord compression
MRI
78
Best imaging modality for a gunshot wound
X-ray
79
Best imaging modality for appendicitis
Ultrasound
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