Midtterm 1 - Retake

Question 1

Topic 1: Milieu intérieur, compartments, changes of water compartments

Milieu intérieur

Answer 1

• Milieu Interieur: “Cells of the living organism can only work in constant environment” - Claud Bernard
• Homeostasis
• Water

Question 2

Topic 1: Milieu intérieur, compartments, changes of water compartments

Compartments, changes of water compartments

Answer 2

• Body divided into anatomical spaces and compartments
• Barriers: Cell membrane & Cappilary wall

- Transport processes through membrane:
Part of membrane determining transport
Types of transport
- TBW
- Subcompartments of EC

Question 3

Topic 2: Volume quantification of fluid compartments

Answer 3

• Measuring EC compartments using the dilution principle: 2 phases observed
  Quickly/slowly equilibrating space
• Stewart dilition principle: V=s/c

- Assessment of TBW based on:
  Dilution principle
  Excsiccation
- Assessing density:
  Quantifying density in vivo
  LBM
  Calculating density
  TOBEC
- TBW
- IC: Intracellular compartment
- EC: Extracellular compatments
- Subcompartments
- Changes of water compartments (hyp(er/po)
- Timefactors establishing homeostasis
- Quantification of the EC compartments
- Quantification of Intravascular compartments
- Quantification of Intracellular compartments
- Quantification of the intestinal fluid compartments

Question 4

Topic 3: Factors influencing the EC and IC compartments, Anelectrolite and Electrolite components of Blood plasma

Factors influencing the EC and IC compartments,

Answer 4

1. Osmotic pressure
2. Molarity
3. Osmolarity
4. Molality
5. Osmolality
6. Oncotic pressure

Question 5

Topic 3: Factors influencing the EC and IC compartments, Anelectrolite and Electrolite components of Blood plasma

Anelectrolite and Electrolite components of Blood plasma

Answer 5

Anelectrolite compartments:

• Glucose: 5 mmol/L
• Urea: 3-10 mmol/L
• NPN: 15.25 mmol/L

Electrolite components of the blood plasma:

• Osmolarity calculated on the basis of TOTAL ELECTROLYTE CONC. 280 mmil/kg
• Osmolarity calculated by de freezing point depression: 300 mmol/kg

Question 6

Topic 4: Functions, Fractions and changes of Plasma Proteins

Functions

Answer 6

Synthesis: Almost all the proteins are synthesized in the LIVER except for gamma globulins, HDL and VLDL and i.c enzymes.

1. Maintaining osmotic pressure
2. Transport functions of Albumin
3. Transport functions of Globulins
4. Lipids binds to proteins forming lipoprotein
5. Blood sedimentation
6. Buffer
7. Blood clotting
8. Immunity
9. Enzymes in the plasma
10. Protein metabolism

Question 7

Topic 4: Functions, Fractions and changes of Plasma Proteins

Fractions

Answer 7

1. Paper electrophoresis
2. Immunoelectrophoresis
3. Gel electrophoresis
4. Ion exhange chromatography
5. HPLC
6. Ultrasentrifugation
7. Gel filtration
8. Affinity Chromatography

Most NB protein fraction groups:

• Albumin
• Alpha-1 globulin
• Alpha-2 globulin
• Beta globulin
• Fibrinogen
• Gamma globulin

Question 8

Topic 4: Functions, Fractions and changes of Plasma Proteins

Changes of Plasma Proteins

Answer 8

Pathological Changes:

• > Hypo and Hyperproteinemia
• > Dysproteinemia
• > Paraproteinemia
• > Defectproteinemia

Question 9

Topic 5: Interstitial fluid (ISF), Transport through the capillary wall, Meassurement and composition of ISF

Answer 9

• Transport through capillary wall
• Forces determining transport

DIFFUSION most important force to ensure transport of substances.

• Principles:
  Electroneutrality & Thermodynamic rule
• Measurement of ISF: ISF=EC- Intravasal vol
• Composition: Similar to blood plasma
  (drawing, IV and ISG)

Question 10

Topic 6: Physiological role of the blood, Definitions and changes in blood volumes

Physiological Role of blood

Answer 10

1.) Primary function is transportation
(RBC, since WBS is mainly for defense)
- Transport of:
Gasses
Nutrients
Metabolites
Information
Heat
2.) Buffer
3.) Takes part in the defense
4.) Homeostais (NOT Haemostasis)

Question 11

Topic 6: Physiological role of the blood, Definitions and changes in blood volumes

General characteristics (Definitions)

Answer 11

• General:
  Blood is liquid CT consisting 90% water
  Plasma, suspended cellular elements
  Separated into Liquid or corpuscular phase
  Plasma: Containts fibrinogen - anti coag..
  Serum: Not fibrinogem - norm. blood

Question 12

Topic 6: Physiological role of the blood, Definitions and changes in blood volumes

Definitions

Answer 12

Hematocrit
Sedimentation rate
PH of blood

Density of blood, Viscousity of blood, Freezing point, Blood volume, osmotic pressure, oncotic pressure, osmolarity/osmolality.

Question 13

Topic 6: Physiological role of the blood, Definitions and changes in blood volumes

Determination of blood volume

Answer 13

Ideal substance for measurement does not cross capillary wall -> hence extrapolation is required.

• Measure plasma: Evans blue or 125-I/131-I
• Measure Blood volume: Labelled RBC
• Calculation of Blood volume:

Having plasma volume (Vp):
V= Vp/(1-0,9) * hematocrit

Having BC volume (Vrbc):
V= Vrbc/0,9*Hematocrit

Question 14

Topic 6: Physiological role of the blood, Definitions and changes in blood volumes

Changes in Blood volumes

Answer 14

Normocythaemia
Polycthaemia
Oligocyhaemia

FIGURE!

• Factors affecting Blood volume

Question 15

Topic 7:
RBC and the HAEMOGLOBIN
RBC

Answer 15

The RBC
RBC can undergo osmotic hemolysis
- Hemolysis is: lecage or disruption of cell
- RBC in ISOTONIC SOLUTION
- RBC in HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
- PBC in HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
- Osmotic resictance
- Hemolysys brought out by: 
   Physical, Chemical, Toxins
- Synthesis of RBC occurs in bone marrow

Question 16

Topic 7:
RBC and the HAEMOGLOBIN
HAEMOGLOBIN

Answer 16

= The pigment coloring the RBC, plays a main role in

1. ) Transport of the blood(02) gasses.
2. ) Formation of the blood buffer capacity

Syntesis require:
Fe, Cu, Co, Mn, Zn, Pyridoxin B6 ++

• Structure.. Allosteric simmulation (oxygen binding)
• Only the IRON atom can bind the oxygen reversibly (Oxygenation)
• Derivate: Methaemoglobin, reversed by methaemoglobin-reductase - NADPH system
• Age efect- adult vs fetus
• Transport of blood gasses
• Haemoglobin as buffer
• Degradation of Haemoglobin (Drawing)

Question 17

Topic 8:

Human and animal bloodgroups

Answer 17

- Hemaglutinogens
  Neutral
  Artificial
  Hetero/iso
- Formation of Hemaglutinins
- Agglutination
- H-antigen: Formed of
  Sphyngomyelin, Galactose, Fructose

Question 18

Topic 8:
Human and animal bloodgroups
Human bloodgroups

Answer 18

AB0-system

H-antigen binds to 
N-acetyl-galactose amine = A-gene
Galactose = B-gene
AB0: IgM type antibodies (hemaglutinins)
- Reactions and transfusions
- Rh Blood group
- Rh Incompability

Question 19

Topic 8:
Human and animal bloodgroups
Animal Blood groups

Answer 19

• No naturally formed antibodies against RBC-antigens of other individuals
• Blood type antigens can app are in plasma
• Blood groups used for
  
  • Species blood group
• Blood transfusion: DIAGRAM