RETAKE Midtterm 1

Question 1

Topic 1: Milieu Interieur. Compartments, Changes of Water Compartments

Answer 1

Milieu Interieur - Claude Bernard
Homeostasis
Water
TBW
Barriers between compartments
Subcompartnents
Transport process through membranes

Question 2

Topic 2: Quantification of fluid compqrtments

Answer 2

Stewart dilution principle - V = S/C
Assessment of TBW
Assesing density
TBW
IC compartment
EC compartment
Subcompartments
Changes of water compartments
Quantification of EC comp + distribution 
Quantificartion of IV comp 
Quantification og IC comp - IC=TBW-EC
Quantification Interstitial Fl comp ISF=EC- IV vol

Question 3

Topic 3: Factors influencing the EC compartments, Anelectrolite and Electrolite components of BLOOD plasma

Answer 3

Factors - list of 6 different factots
1. Osmotic Pressure (Vant Hoff)
2. Molarity
3. Osmolarity
4  Molality
5. Osmolality
6. Oncotic pressure (colloid pressure)

Anelectrolite comp of BP - Glucose, Urea, NPN
Electrolite comp of BP
- Osmolarity calculated on the basis of total electrolyte conc: 280mmol/kg
- Osmolarity calculated by the freezing pont depression: 300 mmol/kg
- Plasma anions and Cations

Question 4

Topic 4: Functions, Fractions and changes of plasma proteins.

Answer 4

Synthesis 
Functions - List of 10
1. Maintaining Oncotic pressure
2. Transport functions of ALBUMIN
3. Transport functions of GLOBULINS (HL+4*T)
4. Lipids bind to proteins forming lipoproteins(VLDL etc)
5. Blood sedimentation
6. Buffee
7. Blood clotting
8. Immunity
9. Enzymes in the plasma
10. Protein metabolism

Fractions (“8 ways to kill a pig”)
Most NB protein fraction
Pathological changes

Question 5

Topic 5. Interstitial Fluid (ISF), Transport through the cappilary wall, Measurement and composition of ISF

Answer 5

2 factors determining the formation of ISF

• Transport through the capillary wall
• Forces determinig transport = Diffusion

Measurement of ISF: ISF=EC - Intravasal volume
Composition of ISF: Similar to bloodplasma

Question 6

Topic 6. Physiological role of the blood, definitions and changes in blood volume

Answer 6

1. Transportation (RBC)
MINGH
2. Buffer
3. Defence (takes place, together with WBC)
4. Homeostasis

General Charachteristics (Definition)
1. General blood/plasma
- 10 dif parameters
Hematocrit
Sedimentation rate
PH of blood
Density
Viscosity
Volume
Freezing point
Osmotic pressue
Oncotic pressure
Osmolarity/osmolality

2. Determination of blood volume
3. Changes in Bloodvolumes: 3*cythaemia Drawing
4. Factors affecting BLood volume

Question 7

Topic 7: Red bloodcells and the haemoglobin

Answer 7

No mithochondrial cells
Average lifetime
Haemoglobin amount(blood)
Haemolysis!!!
- RBC in diff solutions
- Can be brought out by

Haemoglobin

• Pigment colouring RBC
• Transport O2
• Forms blood Buffer capacity
• Synthesis require: Fe, Cu….
• Allosteric Stimulation - Globin str for ox binding
• Age effect
• Transport of Blood gasses
• Haemoglobin as buffer - HCO3- too
• Degradation of Haemoglobin
  Phagocytes convert the HEM part to bilirubin
  Albumin binds to bilirubin in the circulation
  = Bilirubin-1
• Synthesis of RBC

Question 7

Topic 8: Human and animal bloodgroups

Answer 7

1. Complex antigens - surface of Bloodcells
   15 types of BG (AB0 and Rh)
   Antibodies produced
2. Haemagglutinogens - glycoproteins & lipids
   
   • Natural, Artificial & Hetero/Isohaemagg…
3. Formation og haemagglutinins
4. Agglutination or Hemolysis (incompatable)

Human BG:

• H antigen encoded by H gene = AB0 system
• A, 0 and b antigen
  1. AB0 blood type reactions
  2. Rh blood groups
• 1st and 2nd pregnancy drawing
• Rh incompatibility

Animal BG:

1. No naturally formed anti b gainst RBC anti g
2. May occur in the plasma
3. Artificially formed anti b has a haemolysing efrect, not aglutinating.
4. RFLP - identifies individual DNA fingerprints
5. Blood gr - parrent testing & if Chimeras are twins or not?

Catle= B system-> prod. milk lipids biggest, B
Sheep=0- blood type, L-antigen->Serum P-level
Swine=H blood group, PHI gene -> meat, stress + horse: Jaundice illness

Boood transfusions = Diagram pig

Question 8

9. Neutrophil and Basophil granulocyte (WBC)

Answer 8

1. WBC = element of Immune system.
   Develop in none marrow - noth lymphocytes
   Increase = Leukocytosis
   Decrease= Leukopenia
   Neutrophilic type: Horses & Carnivores
   Lymphocytic type: Ruminant, Swine, Bird
   (agran/granulicyte)

Neutrophil
- Segmented nucleus
- Purple-red granules in cytopl
- Cells that digest bacteria, funghi, viruses. (Phagocyte)
- Lifetime: 6-8 hours circul and.2-3 days tissue
Migration
Phagocytosis

Basophil Granulocyte
Rare
Big basophil granules in cytoplasm - Histamine, Serotonin, haparin + enzymes.
Degranulation: extrene degran= Allergy
Drawing
Specific and non specific way of degranulation

Question 9

10. Eosinophil granulocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, throbocytes

Answer 9

1. Eosinophil granulocyte
2. Chemotaxis
3. Anti-allergic effect
4. Mononuclear Phagocyte
   - Drawing
5. Antigen presenttation
6. Thrombocyte - drawing. Smallest bloodcells
   7 Lymphocytes

Question 10

11. Haemostasis (withought goagulation cascade) and stopping.blood coagulation

Answer 10

• The prevention of bloodloss in case of instrinsic or extrinsic vessel injury
  1. Injuries
  2. Vascular reaction
  3. Thrombocyte reaction

1. )Stopping blood coagulation
   - Antigoagulation
   - Fibrinolysis
   - Thrombolysis
2. )Coagulationfactors: know.all but factor VI
3. ) Vitamin K - Required for blood clotting
   - inhibited by Warfarin (vit.K antagonist)
   - Activated factors(II, VII, IX, X) and tissue factor III. ALL have Carboxy-glutamic acid + Glutamic acid carboxylation requires.vit K az a COENZYME

Question 11

Topic 12. Haemostasis: Coagulation cascade mechanism

Answer 11

All drawings

1. Central cascade
2. Roles of Thrombin
3. Extrinsic way of coagulatuon
4. Intrinsic way of coagulation