1
Q
what is inta-regional migration
A
perminat/semi perminat movement of a person withina within a country
2
Q
what is inter-regional migration
A
perminat/semi perminat movement of a person outside their country of origin
3
Q
what is HDI
A
- HDI= human development index
- it is a measurement of development that combines life expectancy, average numbre of years in school and GNI to give a score ranging from 0-1 on how developed a country is
4
Q
What is GNI
A
- gross national income
- the mean total earnigns of all a countries citozens inside and outside of a country
5
Q
what is imigration vs emigration
A
imigration is movement into where as emigration is movenemt out of ( think of emmitting)
5
Q
what is imigration vs emigration
A
imigration is movement into where as emigration is movenemt out of ( think of emmitting)
6
Q
what is the relationship between GNI and emigration and why?
A
increase with emigration as it fosters better carea paths for mgrant workers and as GNI includes interational income of citozens it will increase where as GDP might not. - also migrant remittance
7
Q
what is nepals HDI vs its value of migrant remittances as a percentage of GDP
A
- HDI= 0.504
- its value of migrant remittances as a % of GDP is 28.8%
8
Q
what is The USA’s HDI vs its value of migrant remittances as a percentage of GDP
A
- HDI= 0.914
- its value of migrant remittances as a % of GDP is <0.1%
9
Q
what is the differnce between growth and development
A
- Growth refures to the economy ( economic growth)
- Development is social
10
Q
list by what means global migration CAN CREATE STABILLITY, GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT countries ( non oppertunities and challenges for that use USA case study)
(4)
A
- (Flows of people)
- flows of ideas
- flows of money
- (flows of tecnologies)
11
Q
what is a defined flow of two way migration called
A
A bilateral flow
12
Q
How do migrant flows of people create growth and development in source countries
+example
A
- Dispora
1. global social and bussiness networds of jewish comunities allowing them for thrive finacially
13
Q
define diaspora
A
A diaspora is a nation of peopel that is scattered across regions which are separate from its geographic place of origin.
14
Q
How do flows of people create social stabillity in host countries
+2 examples
A
- fill in gaps in the market
2. When the UK lost a lareg portion of its migrant work force due to Brexit, there was a 59,000 person HGV driver shortage, and subsequentelly a fuel shortage in 2019 and nation wide panic
1. e.g can be sigificnat in AC due to an incresed aging population
1. for example 30% of japans population is over 65 and its estimated to maintain its ecconomy it will need x4 the numbre of migrant workers it has today by 2040
15
Q
How do flows of people create growth and development in a host countries
+example
A
- working migrants have taxable income to the host country
1. for example EU migranst were worth £4.7 billion in tax to the UK gov before Brexit
16
Q
How do flows of money create stabillity, growth and development in source countries
2 points each with an example
A
- remittances = economic stabillity for rellatives at home
1. e.g nepals value of migrant remitances as a % of its GDP is 28.8% and its GP has risen near to 100% since 2000 - remittances can also trigger a possitive multiplyereffect that compounds the afeects of stabillity groth and development, by creating new jobs for new disposble icome and so forth.
1. for example in Poland its estimated that over 20% of all public spening comes dirretly from remitanecs
17
Q
How do flows of money create stabillity, growth and development in a host countries
( no example)
A
- migranst spending in their new countries will contrabute to a possitve multiplyer effect there
18
Q
How do flows of ideas create growth, stabillity and development in source countries
(2 points) (1 has 2 examples) ( the other 1 example)
A
- returening migranst bring back progressive ideas
1. forexmple, femanist ideals have spred to many North African countries doubling the numbre of people going to univeristy and more importantly in the work force, fostering economic growth
2. such ideas can also help build stabillity and social development as they allow for normas such as child marage and female genital mutilation to be left behind, once again somethign that is slowly taking place in North Africa. - migrants may gain new skills abroard that will benifit their contries growth and development when they returen home
1. for example, china, a rappidly growing EDC had 700,000 international studenst in 2019 580,000 returened to china after there studies
19
Q
How do flows of ideas create growth in a migranst host countries
+example
A
- Migration can premote growth by creating new markets.
1. for example,with demand for exotic, foreign foods, the success of Bricklane in london is a prime example of the growing demand for foreign delicacies in British culture. - bricklane bagle, brick lane bakery - this is also a possitve exaple of diaspora,
2. easton in bristol is anothe good example, e.g the famous sweet mart shop where you gan get desert delicacies from all over teh world
20
Q
How do flows of ideas create stabillity in a migranst host countries
A
- Normalisation of multi cutural communities fosters social cohision and acceptance
21
Q
How does migration create inequallities in a migranst source countrie
2 points (+2 exampels for 1) (non for 2 )
A
- Brain Drain and Gaps in the labour market due to young skill migrants leaving the country
1. poland since joining the EU has lost a lareg portion of its young working population, arounf 11,000 per year
2. phillopines also has the greatest numbre of uni gradusate it has ever had but its biggest shortage in doctors, tecahers and physicians ever
3. malawi skill labourers often leave - now 1 doc per 40,000 - Migrant remittances can increase inequallities internally between famillies that resive them and ones that do not.
22
Q
what is it caled when a country loses its most adept and inovative work force due to migration.
A
Brain drain
23
Q
How many interational students and returning international dtudents did china have in 2019 and what does this link to
A
- 700,000 studenst studying abroard
- 580,000 returning interational students
- flows of ideas bennifing a source country in the form of returning migrants
24
give 2 example of brian drain
The Phillapines has the highets % of uni graduates it has ever had yet its biggets ever shortage of Doctors, teachers and physicians since the 90s
malawi has lost many medical personal to work over seas, now 1 doc per 40,000 peopel
25
Since joining the EU on average how many young migrants does poland lose per year
11,000
26
How does migration create injustices in a migranst source countrie
| 1 with 2 exampels and 1 with non
* Human righst violoations of traveling ilegal migranst or assilem seekers
1. subjected to Human trafficing at boarder from loase to Thailand, or
2. children being kept in cages and taken from parenst at the US mexico border
* the plight of refugees not ebing met
27
how does migration cause conflict in a migranst souce country
| 1 + 2 examples
* border disputes and the plight of assilem seekers
1. Hungry, turekey and blugaria borner has a new high tec fense and constant armed officer patroels to stop syrian refugrees making it into Europe undocuented
2. The US mexicoborder has simillar parols
28
m
m
28
how does migration cause conflict in a migrants host country
| 2 +1 example for each
* Cultural disputes and clashes
1. The 2017 Finsbury Park terror attack was causing one death and injuring at least nine people as a car drove into a mosque
* preasure of servises
1. Thr department of eduction estimate that an additional 370,000 places will be needed in schools by 2024
29
when and what was teh name of the UK terror attack on a mosque in london
the 2017 Finsburry park terror attack
30
By 2024 how any more places in schools do the department of eduction expect will be needed and what is this rellevant to
370,000 - conflict around resources and servises in the host country ( sillailar for health care too )
31
List how Global migration increasingly complex in recent years (they are all interelated factors) (6)
* Development of disinctive corridors of bilateral Flows
* ecconomic Glabalisation ( leading to new souce countries) and South- south flows
* increase in youngand female migrants
* increase in conflict
* changes in mational emigration/i igration policy
* ballence in S-N and S-S flows
32
explain how changes in emigration/igration policy has made global migration more complex
| 2 with example for each
* This effects the "social profile" or type of migrants ( skill level, age, gender etc) of migranst.
1. For example, countries such as Canada have stringent 1200 points based systems thats ranks migranst and determines who is let in. In 2015 this sytem was updated to allow for possive discrimination for highly skilled worker whom Canada had a shortage for in the Labour market. Thsi included, IT specialsit, Healthcare workers and engeineers as well as young people.
* effective in increseing the numbre of migranst abroard
2. Pakistan's emigration policy aims to encurrage and protect pankistani migrnats abroard. It has been sucessful with mgrant remmitances to pakistan being worth 11.5 billion, the fith biggets in the world.
3. However, 96% of workers work for the Gulf corparations so this might be more of a factor of an increse of south-south flows due to structual economic change and globalisation - around 7 million
4. inclusion of homosexuallity to be areason for assilem seeking recently in the UK as ruled by the supream court, so that now over 3% of assilem seekers in the UK are " refugrees of homosexuality"
33
How much are migrnat remittaces to pakistan worth
11.5 billion, the 5th biggets in the world
34
explain how increase in conflic has made global migration more complex
| 2 with an example each
* Refugrees and assilem seekers result in an increse in the numbre on global migranst
1. the Syrian cival war, (that began in 2011 but esculated 2013), menat that the total numbre of refugrees in the world incresed from 15.7 million to 19.5 million from 2012 to 2014
* it also changes the chages the pattern of migrant flows of people
1. South- south flows have incresed with 87% of refugees living in the Global south and turkey being the biggets resipant (mostly as it borders syria)
35
Due to the Syrian cival war, by how much did teh total numbre of refugrees increse by in the world from 2012-2014
15.7 million to 19.5 million
36
what country is the biggest recipiant of refugrees? and what % of refugrees does the global south hold
* Turkey
* 87% of all golbal refugees live in the south
37
explain how development of distinctive corridors of bilateral flows has made global migration more complex
| 2 points 1 exaple used for both
* speed, frequency ease and quanity of migrants
* dirrections of migrant flows increse in (S-S flows and even N-S flows)
1. Brazil portuagal 140,000 portugese migrants live on brazil and visa versa.
38
what does Bilateral mean ?
* Bi = meaning 2
* lateral= dirrection
39
How many Brazilian migrants live in portulal and protugeese migrants in brazil
140,000 both ways
40
what points should you use if answering a question on why/ what has mad eglobal migration more complex in recent years
1. Globalisation/ increse in south south flows
3. INCREASED CONFLICT
- mention Ukrain
2. migration policy
41
How has Globalisation and S-S flows made migration more complex in recent years
| 2 point, 3 exampels for 1 , 1 example for 2, non for 3
* new source and host desinations emerging and increased S-S and NS flows.
1. With global structual economic change and Globalisation a mubre of thriving EDCs are emerging across teh globe, and with them a demand for labour (mostly mannual) creating job opertunities. they have emerge predomintly in the south changing the direction of the flow of migration patterns. Rapidly developing EDC require masses of semiskilled manual labour jobs, so migration is encouraged and easier.
1. For example 96% of pakistani migrants of the 7 million aroard are employed in teh Gulf regein, helpin with mostly constrution jobs, e.g building the staiums for the world cup in Quatar
2. Now 36% of migrants flows are S-S vs 35% S-N, vs in 2000 29% were S-S and 39% S-N - more linked tp corriodors of bilateral flows
3. There has been an increse N-S flows. For example the bilateral flow between Brezil and portugal has both 140,000 migrant living in each country, despite Portual being a northern AC with a much smaller polulation
5. South flows to EDCs are much easier as they are closer and one does not have to face the often riggerous emigration policy reqirmenst of the North west/ ACs + much cheaper and easiert o get to
* more young male workers effetcing the demographic of migration
1. for exaple in asia almost 30% of all migrants are men aged 20-39
42
what percentage of migrant flows are S-S vs S-N compared with 2000
Now 36% of migrants flows are S-S vs 35% S-N, vs in 2005 29% were S-S and 39% S-N
43
How has a higher proportion of younger and female migrants, made migration more complex in recent years
| 2 points both with a pice of evidence
* in asia migration is mad dominated with teh average age of migrants being 25-39, this is because migrants are young worker, often taking manual labour positions in EDC's - young working age men
1. e.g manual labour workers in teh gulf region 11.5 million from pakistan
* In europe the majority of migrnat are female, this is becuse most refugees are women and children, furthermore women from AC's are more likly to have been though higher education and they are able to have babies therefore they are more desirable migrant candidates. lastly +65s are the most common migrants, older = more likly life achivements + need more protection if refugree but its also just teh largest group of people by shire numbre.
1. 52% of migrants in AC's are female vs 46% in developing countries
44
what % of migranst are women in AC's vs developing countries
* AC's 52%
* EDCs and LIDCs 46%
45
How much has Brazils GDP per capita risen since 2007-2021
* 2007= 4900
* 2021= 7500
46
why is emmigration an issue for Brazil
| 2
* despite ebing an EDC ithas an aging population
* in the early 2000s it has had a net migration loss ranging from 200,000-500,000 people every 4 years, although this has slowed
* these two factors have left gaps in the labour market for Brazil ( poulation decline )
47
what was Brazil's Net migration loss in
Brazil lost between 200,000-500,000 people per 4 years
48
Describe the current patterns of emigartion in Brazil
| (5)
* on average Brazil has had a net loss of between 200,000 500,000 migrants per 4 years in the 2000s
* emigration out of brazil has slowed
* However, since 2000 the numbre of Brazilian nationals living abroard has risen from 0.98 million to 1.77 million in 2013 - scale
* increased emigration of highly skilled workers to the USA europe (particularly portuagal) and japan
* slowign down of low skilled workers migrating to the US
* The top contries Brazillians emigrate to are
1. 1 the USA ( 370,000 living there)
2. Japan ( 370,000 living there)
3. portugal ( 140,000 living there)
49
How many Brazilians are living in the USA, Japan and Portugal
1. 1 the USA ( 370,000 living there)
2. Japan ( 370,000 living there)
3. portugal ( 140,000 living there)
50
what are the current patterns of imigration to Brazil
| (5)
* Big surge in lowskilled labour migrants in 2014 and 2016 for the footballworld caup and then the olypics to build the required industry. - low skilled male economic migrants
* there was an increase in refugees in the ealy 2010s from Haiti as Brazil made a deal with them to accept migrants after the 2010hailti earthquake - aging pop + net migration loss at this point
* The countries with the most migrnats living in brazil include
1. portugal 140,000
2. Japan 50,000
3. a numbre of southamerican countries ...
4. 11,000 Haiti
* increse migration between brazil and mercosur countries since its become a meambour in 1991 ( foundinf membour )
5. influx of migrants from hati and african countries using equador and chilly as transit country. Hati beause of the earth quake
* intra reginal migration from north east to southern cities like rio ( urban rural flow )
1. 1.5 mill population of rio's favelas
51
what is the relationship between Brazil and Japan in terms of migrants
* Diaspora : in the Beginning of the twentieth century, Japanese agricultural workers arrived in Brazil to farm the land after facing the economic upheaval that accompanied Japan's modernization efforts.
* this means there are alot of Japanies nationals living in Brazil and a bilateral flow of japanise migrants movign to Brazil to join their famillies but alos of returnign migrants
52
what is the relationship between Brazil and Portugal in terms of migrants
* There is a two way bilateral flow as the two countries are very close. They share the same language as Brazil is an ex Portuguese colony. there is a legacy of colonialism and diapsora
53
List the reasons brazil is conected to other countries via migrant flows
| 4
* ecconomic
* social - (includes humaniterian )
* political
* enviromental
54
expalin How is brazil conected to other countries via migrant flows
| 3 countries (political, enviromental, social and economic)
**Portugal ** (140,000 migrants both ways)
* social
1. there are huge Dispora networks between brazil and portugal dating back to collonialism
2. they also both speak teh same language
1. portugal acts as a gateway for Brazilian migrants into the EU
3. flows of money from remittances both ways from p current and historical dipora networks
**USA**
* Enviromental, political economic
1. two govs partner extenisly on human rights issues, e.g. U.S.-Brazil Global Human Rights Working Group thats met every year since 2015
2. 1. low skilled workers to econ benifiting usa and brazil though remittnaces + skills and knowlege aquired by brazilians - contabute to brazils development
2. incresing highly skilled workers working in US - strong links to eduction and techer trainign
3. U.S. goods and services trade with Brazil totaled an estimated $105.1 billion in 2019
4. 1. USA funds prodject to help protect teh amzon. For exaple in april of 2023 biden has aked congress to put £500 million into brazils Amazon fund to help protect teh jungle.
**Haiti **
* political, ecconomic and humaniterian/social
1. Brazil allows Hatians to aquire vias reallitivly easily after the 2010 devistaing earth quake and chlorella outbreak. in returen the young low skilled workers help fill gaps in brazils labour market form their aging population and net migration loss
2. there were 11,000 hatians in brazil by 2013
55
how many haitians lived in Brazil in 2013
11,000
56
what 3 ways has migration impaceted (poss and neg) Brazil in list form
* Economic development (growth)
* Political stabillity
* social equallity (development)
57
what sectors of a country do growth, development and stabillity USUALLY refure to
* Economic growth
* Political stabillity
* social development
58
what extent has migration impaceted Brazil in terms of ecconomic developemt
| 2 points, 1 has 1 exampel, 2 has 2 examples
**positive**
* migranst remittances
1. migrant remittances are worth 2.4 billion - 0.1% of GDP
* Economic imgrants benifitting teh economy
1. an increse in imagration of highly skilled workers from Europe
1. in 2007 GDP per capita was 4900 vs in 2021 where it was 7500
2. Braxil is rapidly developing a memour of the BRICK countries
59
How much are brazilian migrant remittances worth
2.4 billion USD
60
what extent has migration impaceted Brazil in terms of political stabillity
| 2 points, 1 has 2 examples, 2 has 3 examples
* growing political influnec of the world stage
2. 1. its a leading member of Mercosur ( like the southamerican EU)
3. member of G20
1. It is the B in the BRICKcountries, witch are the leading EDCs interms of ecconomic development, giving them alot of political influenec on the world stage.
* Brazil has a numbre of defiend Bilateral flows that give it a good politicl relationship with a numbre of countries.
1. portugal- legcy of colonialsm and diaspora
2. Jampan- mixed herritage from 20th centuary migenast and diaspora
3. USA- prottecting forrests alowign for low skilled labour migrants in US 370,000
61
what the equivilant southamerican EU Brazil is appart of
Mercosur
62
what extent has migration impaceted Brazil in terms of social inequallity
| 1 point, 2 evidenec
* more social inequallity with an increse in lowskilled ecconomic migranst in recent years
1. there is vast socio-economic inequallity betwen haitian migrnats and native brazillians, too many migrnats moved to Brazil after the 2010 earth quake (11,000), leaving many unemployed and trafficked
2. UNESCO report vast inquallity for Brazilian african migrnst , especially in the labour market there is still alot of overt rasism.
1. this has also been true with the spike of migranst in 2014 and 16 for WC and ollypics
63
what % of the US population are migrants
13% (44 million)
64
what are the key imagration patterns in the US
| 4
* 13% (44 million ) of teh US population are migranst
* 28% of this 44 million are mexican
* 5% indian and 5% chines
* migration has been accelerting sice teh start of the 21st centuary
65
what are the key emagration patterns in the US
* there are 3 million migrantsliving abroard
* 1 mill in mexico
* 210,000 live in the uk
* 20k in brazil
65
breifly exaplain the US imigration policy
* a year the US offers 675,000 visas
1. most are offered to unite families, then for skilled workers on a points based system and then a minority go t refugees
66
whats interdependenec and non is there between the US (AC) other counties
| 4 points, example each
**social**
* bi lateral flow with mexico. ( although mexico dominates this), for example over 1 million US citozens live in mexico and 11.5 million mexcan in teh uS. This is both teh countries largest dispora networks - ( growing social and cultural conectiverty
* fills gaps in labour makerket
1. 78% of mexican workers are emploted in the primary and secondry sector
**economic**
* remittaces
1. 2% of mexicos GDP and worth 22 billion USD in 2013
* since the formation of NAFTA 2002 bilateraltrade has grown significantly between the countries
1. - 1.4 billion USD a day
2. Mexican industry has benifted. New aero space sector funded mostly by US foreign dirrect investment
* Mexican workers help to fill gaps in the labour market that may be seen as less favoured by Us workers
* politcal power remain inballenced but incresingly there has been better coperation in recent years.
1. e.g mangement of the collorado river basin 9% left for mexico, better security around human trafficking and drug trades
67
What Oppertunities can be created by internation/inter-regeinal migration in a AC
| 3 points with examples or multiple for each
**USA**
**economic growth**
* Fill gaps in the labour market
1. in 2013 78% of mexican workers were employed in the primary and secondry sector. This helps teh USA fill jobs witch can be seen as undesirable by american citozens and esspecially with an aging population
2. 28% of Us migrants are Mexican
* working and comsuming to increse tax basis as are usually **young economically active** citozens and triggers a PME
1. imigrnats in the US contrabute an estimated 405 billion in taxes, this will also help with social development though gav spending
**social development**
* high skilled professionals
1. 5% of US imigranst are indian and 5% chinese and of these 73% of indian migreants are in the bussiness and science industry and 51% of chinese. this will be helping the us development and social stabillity, (e.g. the numbre of docters), as well as with economic growth though high income tax
* incresed birthrate
1. most migrants to the US are you ecomically active crude birthrate in the us has declined and there is an aging population so this is important
**polidtical stabillity**
* brazil us human rights group 2015
* NA
* NAFTA
68
What challenges can be created by internation/inter-regeinal migration in a AC
| 2 points with multiple examples
**inequallity**
2. the average wage for a migrant worker in the us is 20,000 USD vs for a Us citozen where its arounf $60,000. - this is beause many are lowskilled laborers with an languge barrier and if they are payed illegally then dont have to be payed a minimum wage. 78% of all mexicans in the US are working in the primary or secondry sector. However 20,000 is more than tehy would likly be getting in mexico - inequallity
**Conflict**
* 2020 mass shooting in el paso texis by white supremisists killing 23 latinos
**injustice**
1. human and drug traffiking
1. There has been alot of issues with intergrating migrant groups in the US, many mexican comunities in california and florida dont even speak english and may be illegal, amking intergration hard.
2. there is an estimated 1.5 million unautherised migramst i jobs and resources as well as put stress on resoureces. such as innsouthern california with the highest migration from mexico and water shortages issues every summer
3. scandle in 2020 with children being detained for their parents for long periods and kept in cages
69
whats the average sallery for a US migrnat worker vs a Us citozen
* migrnat worker = 20,000
* Us citozen= 60,000
70
what are the patterns of emigration and imigration in laos
| 3
* Thailand= around 1 million Laos migranst living there in 2021
* USA= 200,000
* there are very fue imigrants living in laos but there are around 10,000 vietnamese witch is the most
* 1.29 million loas migrnats live abroad - huge scale as population is only 6. 8 million
* high net migration loss of 1.1per 1000
71
Why is laos so poor
| 4
* its communist tecnically
* its landlocked
* 73% are employed in agriculture - early staged of decogrpahic transition model
* high net migration loss of economically active workers
72
what laos' GDP
$1,660 per cap 2014
73
if your doing a qusetion on the interdependece of countires theough migration what country should you use as an example
it depends if it asks for AC EDC or LIDC
74
whats interdependenec and non is there between the Laos and other countries
| 2 with multiple examples
**economic**
* labour in thailand
1. there are currently around 1 million (mostly low skiled worker in thailand) helping further its industry fishing and agriguture, meanwhile providing migrnat remittance to loas.
2. currenly 2% of their GDP is migrant remittaces
* a part of ASEAN - also political
1. witch has rellatively free movement of migranst ( jighly skilled labourers only), this includes vietnasm Thailand etc,
1. it aslo gives itgood trading oppertunities and a greter chance to beniffit from migrnat remittances
* its largets bilateral flow is with vietnam with >10,000 vietnamese migrnats living in loas and 30,000 loasian living in vietnam. remittaces has beniffited both countreies and ecoomic benifits from migrnats wotking in th others country such as incresing the tax basis ect.
1. consequentally vietman has invested in over 400 lareg scale prodjects in loas' economy
** political**
* The Loas-Thailand co-operation Commitee is buliding a "Friendship brige on the mekong river improving tade routes and strengthen communictaion
* thailand funding a drug treatemnt centre in loas
* Loas agreed to a highspeed rail between Vietnm and thailand to be build through themm in 2012, this will better conect tehm to these countries as well as china.
**social / humaniterian **
* the challenges with traffiking and migtaion has made both laos and tahiland members of the coordinated Mekong ministerial initiatiev against traffiking (COMMIT), - improve lives of people by limiting trafficking
75
What is the asian version of the EU
ASEAN - assosition of south east asion countries
76
what pecentage of laos' GDP is migrant remittances
2%
77
what river divides loas and Thailand
the mekong
78
What Oppertunities can be created by migration in a LIDC source country
| 3 ( both points and examples)
**Laos**
* economic and social growth and development
1. because of legacy of migrnatsbeing human traffiked care interntional is workign to provide education, vocational training and heathcRE to reduce need for migration and help people gain skills allowing thme to apply for visas and migrate legally
1. Laos and vietnam have a well established bilateral flow of migrants. many more migranst live in Vietnam than loas but there is over 10,000 vietnames living in laos. the most of any country. Consequentally, Vietnam has over 400 lareg scale investment projects in loas
2. 2% of loas GDP comes from remittance = possitive multiplyer effectm and higher tax basis = social development witchis impoetant as 22% of peopel in loas live under the poverty line] - significant - PME
3. with the interconectedness of the countries with the dispora of migranst and the new high speed rail between loas vietnam and thailand and teh frindship bridge between loas and thailand
**pollitical stabillity and conections are growing**. This is especially vital as loas is still tecnically a communist state, with tyranical leadrship.
79
what % of fams in loas live underthe poverty line
22%
80
What challenges can be created by internation/inter-regeinal migration in a LIDC
| 2 points and evidnec combined
* Human traffiking
* loss of high skilled workers The freer movemt of highskilled labourers in ASEAN that Thailand and Loas are appart of mean that Laos loses alot of its skilled labourers slowign its development, ( already 73% of its work force are low skiled agrucultural workers making it an big issue for then) ( plus migration rates are very high at 1/1000 per year) - ( brain drain
* loss of low skilled workers
1. largest industry is garment industry, needs large polution to grow and maintian
2. needed to atract FDI
3. 1.29 of 6.8 million laos pop liv arbroad
* distrupt food supplies
1. 73% of laos pop in ag
81
What loas' net migration loss
1.1/1000 per year
82
what % of loas' workers are in agricuture
73%
83
give 2 example of migration causign gaps in the labour market/brain brain
phillopines
* most uni grads ever but there is a shortage of techers, doctors and physitians
malawi
40,000 / 1 doctor
84
what was the numbre of brazillian migranst abroard in 2000 vs 2017
* 0.98 million
* 1.77 million
85
how many pakistani migranst are there abroard and what % live in the gulf
7 million and 96% are low skilled young men in the gulf
86
describe current spacial patterns of migration interms of numbres + give a specifica exaple
* over there has been a huge increse in migrateion in the 20th centuary, cross glabally
1. 3.3% of the worlds population now live abroard
2. in 2013 in the UK 5.1 million lived abroad
87
what do i mena when i say dynamic flows
constantly changing
88
of UK emigrnats living abroad what are teh main dirrections of the flows ? + destinqtion
* N-N or AC-AC
1. e.g. 1.28 mill to - austrailia
2. 0.76 mill to the uSA
3. 0.67 mil; to Canada
* quite alsot back then were also in europe beuse of the free movemnt of people, however this is a dynamic flow that has changes since we have left the Eu
1. in 2013 - 0.38 million in spain
89
how many imimgrants were living in the UK in 2013 ?
* 7.8 million
90
what was the composition of migranst in the UK in 2013
* quite mixed nationallity and quite alot of ex collonial and EU countries = S-N and N-S + EDC-AC as well as AC-AC
1. 0.76 million indian
2. 0.66 polish
3. 0.48 pakistani
3. 0.31 germany
4. 0.22 USA
* slightly more were women
* the reasons for migrating were as followed
1. 178,000 had secured jobs
2. 100,000 were looking for work
3. 200,000 were students
4. and 90,00 were seeking family reunification
91
where are there significant intrareginal migration flows
**rural to urban**
* ecconomic migrants to lagos - city has grown x30 since 60s
2. NW- S flows in brazil, rios flavellas now 1.5 million people
**there has also been an increse in urban -rural migration in may AC**
1. as populations age and want a slower pace of life with aging populations (especially duringn covid this was the case). ** - example of dynamic flow s
1. 27% in crese in london during covid
92
what do you call a migrant coming to a country to seek work
ecconomic migrant
93
what are teh general terms for the factors that perswade or force migrants to move
* push and pull factors -mcome from lee's model
94
where are the most inter-reginal flows across the globe
* they are near flows - ( cheaper)
* middle eastern countries and western asia
1. 5.5 mill bilateral flow from south - west asia
1. 7 mill pakistan to teh gulf states
2. india is both a signifiant desination and source for migrnast
* thoughout europe
* cental america to N america
1. 3.8 million
* within sub saharan afric a
| ( im not sure of what period of time this is ove r
95
where do the idea of push and pull factors come from ? + one benifit of this
* lee's model
* also show obstical factors
96
list some possibel barriers to migration
* seas
* money and resources to make the trip
* border contole
* legallity
* sheer distance
97
what is your case study for an EDC for migration
Brazil
98
whats teh G20
The G20 (or Group of Twenty) is an international forum for the leaders of 19 of the world's largest economies and the European Union
99
loas remittaces as % of gdp 2012
2%
100
% of chinese and indian migrnats in bussiness or science sector
* china- 51%
* india - 73%
* links to econ ops / growth in Ac
101
how many migranst sin us ( mexican) are ilelgal
1. 1.5 mill
102
how many large scale investment prodjects does vietnam have in loas
400
103
what % of fams in loase live bellow pov line
22%
Human Geo
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