1
Q
whats polands GNI and why is this rellevant
A
- ist high - over 600 billion USD
- this is beause its a country with high emigration (5.2%), but in the EU so alot of that includes skilled jobs
2
Q
whatsteh pattern with GDP and imigration + exaple
A
- countries with higher GDP’s have higher imigration as tehre are sually more ecconomic migrants drawn to these countries
1. for example in 2021 in the US 734,000 imigrated. Their GDP is 23 tirillion - this is also besuse the more workign migrnats in a country the more the economy benifits
3
Q
whats included in HDI
A
- mean yesrs of schooling
- GDP
- life expectancy
4
Q
by how much will japan need to expand its migrant population by when and why ?
A
- to maintain its ecconomy and fill gaps in the labout market to mainstian social stabillity and economic groth it will need to exept x4 the amount of migrant workers it has today by 2040
1. this is becuse it has an aging population with over 30% of the population ion being over 65
5
Q
what % of nepals GDP now comes from migrant remmitances ? and how much has tehir economy grown since 2000?
A
- 28.8%
- and expirenced a doubling in its economy since 2000nd
6
Q
how much were EU migrants worth to the UK economy before brexit
A
£4.7 billion
7
Q
how do flows of peopel to a hoste country create social stabillity (no exampel )
A
- fill gaps in the labour market
8
Q
point for how flows of people create growth and development in host country (no examples)
A
- taxable income from working migrants
9
Q
How do flows of ideas create growth in a migranst host countries (no examples)
A
Migration can premote growth by creating new markets
10
Q
How does migration create inequallities in a migranst source countrie (no examples)
A
- brain drain and gaps in the labour market- decrese GNI
- week econ due to youg ecomoiclly active migrants leaving + skilled workers levaing- lower tax basis and PME
- inequallities between families who are and arnt resiving remmitances
11
Q
whats teh frase u use for flows of ideas from migration helping create tollerance in a hoast country (no examples)
A
- Normalisation of multi cutural communitiesfosters social cohision and acceptance
12
Q
how does migration cause conflict in a migrants host country (no examples)
A
- presure on servises
- clutural disputes
13
Q
how have disparities with flows of tec caused in justices for migrants
A
- lack of infomation for migrants
1. Astralia doesnt allow small boats wit asylem seekers on, they restricked asses to anyone who tries this way
2. however their are still bussineses where smuggeler send bosts over to the continent
3. his is beause refugrees alck acess to tecnology and the internet etc so they are not aware - lac of info on the groud making it harder for aid organisation to respond to the pligth of refugees
14
Q
give an exaple of sevire inequalliy caused by flows of peopel to a hoastountry
A
- asylem seekers arnt allowd to work
15
Q
give an exaple of long term injustice for refugees
A
- 25 year old refugree camp e.g. Dabaab in keya - inequallity and injustices of life rain with little chance of the coflict being solved
16
Q
how can flows of tec creat greater stabillity for migrnats in generla
A
- flows of info rom social media via tec help asylem seekers find up to date maps and safe areas to move to
17
Q
how can flows of tec create greater groth in souce countries
A
- bank transfure tec making it easier to transure remittnace s
18
Q
where is a good exaple of polish diasporas
A
leicester
19
Q
give an example of how flows of tec can help stbillity for host countriesm
A
- better map migation so personel like border controle can be dirrected where needed
20
Q
how do migrant flows of peopel create growth and depopment in a source country
A
disporas
21
Q
whats the main way economic globalisation changes migration patters
A
- new sauce and host destinations
- ( incresed S-S and N-S flows )
22
Q
is it diapora or diasporas
A
diaspora
23
Q
whats teh % of male migrant in a certain southern regein in 2013
A
- 54% subsaharan africa - but this is doen from 60% in 1990
24
Q
what % of japans pop is over 65 ?
A
30% - aging population - stage 5 of demographic transition model
25
how have migration patterns in Brzil changed over time
**then**
* 19th and 20th centary it was a net recipiant of migrants
* high migration in thsi period when economic migrnats from japan EUrope , e.g. portugal and germany. they were attrcate dto the agrucultural opertunities,e.g. cofee cultivation
* this also extened to alot of jampanees migrnats
* political crisi has head to peiods of high migration in south america, e.g. angola and bolivia
* migration from neighbouring countries has always been high, e.g. argentina nd paraguay
**now **
* imigration has massivly slowed and there is now a signifiavnt net migration loss
1. 80,000 less migrants now liv in brazil than at teh start of the centuary
* meanwhile emigration has increse
1. 1.77 million brazillion live argard vs 0.98 in 2000
2. net migration loss in the early 21st centuarry averaged 200-500k every 4 years
* much of japanese imigrants have migrated back - 370,000 brazillian born migrnats now liv in japan
26
how has migration caused economic development in brazil
* in the past waves of migration from countries like portugal, germany and japan contrabuted to a growth in the agruculture and manufactoring industry. E.g cofee farming and janaise being over rise farming tecnique
* recent raivals of highly skilled professionals from the dispora links of these original migrnat flows have contrabutd to entrapernorship, innovation and reducing gaps in the labor market as well as economic globalisation, brazil has rapidly developed in the late 20th-21 centuarry - BRIC nation, many of these workers already have employment contacts - brazil now has the 10th largest GDP in the word
* remittances - e.g. japan portiugal and uSA and other european counties
1. 0.1% GDP and 2.4 billion in 2014
27
how has migration caused political stabillity
* Brazil has a stable democrtic political system, key mebour of mecosure and an important mebbour of OECD and G20 - this is agrubly due to ites rapid development as a brick nation. which has been helped along by migration from japan and europe seeting up argucture and manufacturing in teh 19th and 20th centary
* membour of mecosur - politial stabillity in south america as there is free movemnt of labou rworkers - helpt south america become more intergarted less divided and premo ideas of stbillity
* stable reationship between brazil and countries it has bilateral flows with e.g prtugal the USA
1. e.g. in april 2023 biden asked congress for 500 million to contrbaute to brazils amzon fund
* it is important in cresting global stabillity as a resipient of many enviroemtal and political refugees e.g haiti. and as a stable government they accept responcibillity for their welfiar and employment provding work permits and viasas e.g haiti
28
is there free movemtn between brazil and portugal?
yes, but this does not extend to the EU
29
how has migration causes social inequallity in brazil
* inequllity in brazil between differnt ethnic groups of migratic acording to UNESCO. This includes overt rasism by employers and brazillian africans are worst effected. this includes accest to housinf servises and eduction
* there is a lot of inequllity caused by the rural to urban intra-regional migration. this consentrates int he mass city slums or "favelas" in the southern cities i particular ( peopel wil migrate from westand up north)
1. its estimate 1.5 million peopel live in the flavellas around rio
2. full economic political and social development is impeded by discrimination in the labour markert towards black and indigenous workers acording to UNESCO.
30
whats an important factor to mention along side migrant remittanes ?
* the Possitive multiplyer effect
31
what % of migrants in asia are 20-39 ?
* 30%
32
what is NAFTA
North american free tade agrement
33
other than mecosur what are two other supernational organisations Brazil is apart of ?
* the G20
* OECD
34
how is brazil interconected to other countries it shares migrnat flows with economiclaly
* portugal
1. economic migranst my move to portugal with the intension of using it as a gate way to the EU where there can e even more opertunity for Brazillian migranst
2. dispora networks from migrants who moved to brazil in 20th centuarry to persue agrigulture ops, e.g cofee bean farmign
3. flows of money from remittances both ways from p current and historical dipora networks
* USA
1. low skilled workers to econ benifiting usa and brazil though remittnaces + skills and knowlege aquired by brazilians - contabute to brazils development
2. incresing highly skilled workers working in US - strong links to eduction and techer trainign
3. U.S. goods and services trade with Brazil totaled an estimated $105.1 billion in 2019
* haiti
1. Brazil allows Hatians to aquire vias reallitivly easily after the 2010 devistaing earth quake and chlorella outbreak. in returen the young low skilled workers help fill gaps in brazils labour market form their aging population and net migration loss
1. work at teh rio grande do Sul factory
35
what is an economc migrnat
a person who migrates to improve their standard of living or job opertunities
36
how is brazil interconected to other countries it shares migrnat flows with socially
* portugal
1. support from prexisting dipora networks from collonialism and migration during the 19th and 20th centuary with ecconomic migration farmina and manufacturing ops
2. sillar and interrelated culture and anstory as well as that tehy speek the same language
* hati - humaniterian
1. Brazil allows Hatians to aquire vias reallitivly easily after the 2010 devistaing earth quake and chlorella outbreak.
37
how is brazil interconected to other countries it shares migrnat flows with pollitically
* portugal
2. portugal acts as a gateway for Brazilian migrants into the EU - only economic migranst
* USA
1. two govs partner extenisly on human rights issues, e.g. U.S.-Brazil Global Human Rights Working Group thats met every year since 2015
38
how is brazil interconected to other countries it shares migrnat flows with enviromentally
* USA
1. USA funds prodject to help protect teh amzon. For exaple in april of 2023 biden has aked congress to put £500 million into brazils Amazon fund to help protect teh jungle.
39
why are teh economic social, polital and enviromental interconection with brazila nd other coutries rellevant,
* they emerge becuse of migrant flows creatring an intereationship/ dispora or they emerged in inconjunction with (as a trade for there being migrant flows )
40
numbre of japanise migrnats living in brazil ?
50,000
41
numbre of US citozens living in brazil ?
20,000
42
explain how Brazil is conected to the US via migrnat flows
* enviromental
1. . USA funds prodject to help protect teh amzon. For exaple in april of 2023 biden has aked congress to put £500 million into brazils Amazon fund to help protect teh jungle.
* economic
1. low skilled workers to econ benifiting usa and brazil though remittnaces + skills and knowlege aquired by brazilians - contabute to brazils development
2. incresing highly skilled workers working in US - strong links to eduction and techer trainign
3. U.S. goods and services trade with Brazil totaled an estimated $105.1 billion in 2019
* political
1. two govs partner extenisly on human rights issues, e.g. U.S.-Brazil Global Human Rights Working Group thats met every year since 2015
43
whats your case study of an LIDC, EDC and AC for migrtaion
* laos
* brazil
* teh USA
44
explain how Brazil is conected to the portugal via migrnat flows
1. there are huge Dispora networks between brazil and portugal dating back to collonialism
2. they also both speak teh same language
1. portugal acts as a gateway for Brazilian migrants into the EU
3. flows of money from remittances both ways from p current and historical dipora networks
45
explain how Brazil is conected to the hati via migrnat flows
1. Brazil allows Hatians to aquire vias reallitivly easily after the 2010 devistaing earth quake and chlorella outbreak. in returen the young low skilled workers help fill gaps in brazils labour market form their aging population and net migration loss
46
what rio factory ahs alot of hatian workers
grande do Sul factory
47
what % and amount of pakistani workers are (low skilled laboures) in the gulf
96% and 7 million
48
how much of mexicos GDP is migrant remmitance % + amount
22 billion 3% 2013
49
what % of mexicans are emplyed in the primary or secondry sector in the US ?
78%
50
how much are taxes on imgrnats in the us worth anually
405 billion
51
what the key thing with the oppertunities and challenges that come from migration to the US
* the challenges are more significnat for the migrnats - specifically the mexican migrnats where as the opertunities disporoportionally favour US
52
how id teh US contrabuting to change sin global migrtaion flows
* increasing complexity though its policy
* increse in bilateral flows e.g US mexico
* increse in migration + young workers e.g mexico
53
how many people imegrated to the US in 2021 and what was its GDP
* 734,000
* 23 trillion
54
give an example of a 25 year old refugree campp
dabaab kenya
55
what can u link regugree caps to in terms of disease
* incresed neighbourhood effect
56
whats teh main reasosn for emigration form loas ( specifuc )
* as an EDC there are little opertunities for people. most are subsistance farmers with 73% wokring in agriculture. therefor peopel become economic migrnats seeking better quallity of life and job opertunities. this is especilally true in rural area
1. they are garenteed this if tehy egt a job in thailand as teh daily minimum wage is 300 baht vs 80 in loas
* there is insuffienct land for farming and periodic droughts can also leed to food insecurity for subsistance farenrs - link to increse with climate change
* many familliys canot support themselfs so have to rely on migrant remittances
* there is more job ops in thailand as they are an EDC with a rappidly growing economy. Peopel in loas are suited to this as they often do not have a highlevel of education/ are unskilled labourers
57
whats teh dialy minimum wage in thailand vs loas
* thailand - 300 baht
* loas - 80 baht
58
how has migration been made easier for migrnats form loas to thailand
* simillar/ familliarity with culture and language
* near
* improved acess though the mekong - friendship bridge
* use of brokers to access employment and rach the thia border
* becoming a membour as ASEAN in 1997 means loas was subject to to AEC economic comunityrming and the free movement of skilled laboures within. - made imigration to thailand much easier
59
what % of loas are under 15 ?
36%
60
whats a key issue reating to migrtation policy in loas taht result sin more trafficking
* governemnt does not make it easy to apply for a passport
1. accesing passport aplications are difficult as there is a lack of a flow of tecnology and embasyeys only exist in urban areas. Furhtermore they cost £50 USD which is also of money when most people are subsistance farmers.
* via same principal visa aplication is hard and can only be done by skilled labourers and students
* this provides op for smugglers
* poor border policing
61
what departmemts are working in collabertaion with who in loas to end human traffifficking and why is thi and what is tshi rellencvant to
* minestry of labour and social wellfair
* minestry of public security
* IOM, UN women
* NGO's suhc as CARE international
* migration pollicy - working wit agencies to implemnt more effective anti human trafficking policies
* significnat as with thrir support the LIDC gov is able to fiance tehm e.g. policing them
62
whats the UN migration agency called
IOM
63
what loases main migration policy realting to human trafficking called called
The national plan of action for human trafficking
64
what are the main aims of the national plan of action for human trafficking in laos in beif list form
* porvent
* protect
* prosecution
65
how to spell laos
Laos
66
what are the main aims of the national plan of action for human trafficking in laos explain
* porvent
1. reduce povert and teh need to migrate , awareness (campeigning and education),
* protection
1. reintergration of returning migrats, shelters for women and counseling
* prosecution
1. invesigation off traffing networks, training border officials, strengthening legal frame works.
67
what are lao's main migration policies ?
* The national plan of action for human trafficking -
* becoming a membour as ASEAN in 1997 means loas was subject to to AEC economic comunityrming and the free movement of skilled laboures within. - made imigration to thailand much easier
* laos and tahiland members of the coordinated Mekong ministerial initiatiev against traffiking
68
how much are migrant remittances worth to brazil ?
2.4 billion
69
how much has lagos grown since the 60 and what is this rellivant to
* x30- rural to urban intra reginal migration in nigeria
70
how londons migration changed during covid
urban rural migration incresed 26%
71
how has Brazils migrtaion to the US changed ?
* slowed down of low skilled workers
* increse migration of high skilled workers ( and to europe )
72
how many US viasa are for fmilly reunification ecah year ?
480,000
73
how many US vias are for skillled laboures in the us each year
* 170k
74
how may migrant places are for refugees a year in the us ?
* 70,000
* + temporary huaniterian vias available
75
how many vias are availbelt o the US for random countries with low migration rates to the US
50,000
76
whats another US imigration policy that has come in in recent years
| + what is this rellevant to ?
* the so claled Trump ( muslum ) travel ban
* including 5 majority muslum clountries
- rellivant to imgration pollicy compecakign flows + AC imigration policy and dynamic flows
Human Geo
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