Migration

Question 1

• What are the PULL factors involved in VOLUNTARY migration (USA)?

Answer 1

• Family/friends are already living in the USA 👨‍👩‍👧
  ➞ provide support
• Due to established Mexican communities, there is a common culture in some states
  ➞ creating less language barriers/racial tensions. 💥
• The USA has higher investment in healthcare, 💰🏥
  ➞ providing better access to care
  ↳ (e.g. 2.6 people per doctor per 1000 vs 4.8 in Mexico)
• The USA has a better quality education system ⭐🏫
  ➞ (e.g. an average of 8.6 years of school in Mexico vs 13.4 in USA)
  ↳ allowing people to gain better jobs.
• Migrants are attracted to “bright lights” and the American Dream. 💲
• There are plenty of available jobs in parts of the US economy,
  ➞ such as agriculture. 👩‍🌾

Question 2

• What are the PUSH factors involved in VOLUNTARY migration (Mexico)?

Answer 2

• Mexico has lower pay 💵📉
  ➞ creating a low standard of living and creating poor housing conditions
  ↳ (e.g. poverty - In Mexico, 46.2% live below the poverty line vs 15.1% in the USA)
• Increased farm mechanisation in Mexico 🚜
  ➞ has raised rural unemployment.
• Mexico has a high crime rate 🚨🔪
  ➞ making people feel unsafe
  ↳ (e.g. 218.49 murders per million vs 42.01 in the USA)

Question 3

• What are the IMPACTS of VOLUNTARY migration on the RECIEVING country (USA)?

Answer 3

🟢 POSITIVE Impacts:

• Migrants work for low wages 💵📉
  ➞ so businesses save money.
• Government recieves tax from migrants 🏛 💰
  ➞ which can be invested in services.
• Migrants fill labour gaps
  ➞ as they have sought after skills 🔨
  ↳ (e.g. agricultural workers)
  ➜ They also take jobs US citizens do not want due to low wages and unsociable hours.
• Migrants buy goods and services 🛒🏪
  ➞ adding to the economy.
• Migrants create a multicultural society 🌎
  ➞ (e.g. Mexican restaurants, language and music)
• Migrants have larger families 👨‍👩‍👧
  ➞ increasing birth rates and the USA’s ageing population.

🔴 NEGATIVE Impacts:

• Language barriers and cultural differences can lead to racial tensions 💥
  ➞ Migrants also tend not to integrate which can add to the tension.
• Migrants send earnings back to family in Mexico 💸
  ➞ removing money from the US economy.
• There are also strains placed on education services 🏫💥
  ➞ due to number of children for who English is not their first language.
• There are also strains placed on US healthcare 🏪💥
  ➞ as TB infections are brought over the border.
• Increased pressure on housing 🏡📈
  ➞ can lead to overcrowding in certain areas.
• Increased crime due to drugs/people trafficking 🚨
  ➞ increasing costs to US law enforcement.

Question 4

• What are the IMPACTS of VOLUNTARY migration on the DONOR country (Mexico)?

Answer 4

🟢 POSITIVE Impacts:

• Migrants send money back to their families 💵📩
  ➞ (e.g. $6 billion a year).
  ↳ This improves their standard of living and generates more spending in Mexican economy (multiplier effect).
• Fewer people means less pressure on healthcare and school system 🏫📉
• Less workers means the unemployment rate is reduced 👷‍♀️📉
• Migrant workers return from the USA with new skills 🔨
  ➞ which they can then use in Mexico.
  ↳ This increases investment in Mexico by foreign businesses, helping to increase developement.
• Mainly male migrants leave 👨🏽
  which helps lower the birth rate.

🔴 NEGATIVE Impacts:

• The young leave creating an ageing population 🧓🏽
  ➞ This means more healthcare spending is needed.
  ↳ (e.g. hip replacements)
• Less people leads to depopulation 👨‍👩‍👦 📉
  ➞ therefore less government spending in affected areas
  ↳ (e.g. Santa Ines lost 2/3 of its inhabitants)
• Less workers means less tax is paid to the government 💰📉
  ➞ limiting future development.
• Money sent from the USA by relatives 💵📩
  ➞ makes families rely on this money.
• Many men emigrate 👨🏽
  ➞ splitting up families and creating a gender imbalance
  ↳ so women have trouble finding marriage partners - reducing birth rate and so less future workers.
• Loss of many educated people (BRAIN DRAIN) 🧠
  ➞ causing a skills shortage.

Question 5

• What are the PULL factors involved in FORCED migration (Jordan)?

Answer 5

• Established refugee camps ⛺
  ➞ so aid is available.
• Better educaton ⭐🏫
  ➞ as there is lack of disrupton to learning.
• Family members have already migrated 👪
  ➞ so support is available for new arrivals.
• Muslim country 🕌
  ➞ so there is a common culture and commons.

Question 6

• What are the PUSH factors involved in FORCED migration (Syria)?

Answer 6

• Active conflict 💣
  ➞ making the area dangerous
  ↳ (e.g. 610,000 killed)
• Population intimidated 💥
  ➞ through killing, torture, imprisonment and rape.
• Lack of working infrastructure ❌🚧
  ➞ (e.g. 60% of people facing food insecurity, 70% of the healthcare workers have left the country)
• Persecution of minority groups ⛪
  ➞ such as Christians.
• High levels of homelessness 🏚
  ➞ due to bombing 💣

Question 7

• What are the IMPACTS of FORCED migration on the RECIEIVING country (Jordan)?

Answer 7

1. Refugee camps are overfilled and unsafe in some cases ⚠
   ➞ so many refugees have fled into urban areas instead
   ↳ placing pressures on urban resources 🌆
2. Syrians fleeing into urban Jordan mean they cannot access UN aid 💲
   ➞ forcing Jordan to foot the bill instead.
   ↳ As a result, food and rent prices increased due to high demand 🍎📈
3. Jordanian citizens are priced out of renting 💸
   ➞ as Syrians band together to pay higher rents which causes overcrowding.
4. Wages have decreased as employers hire Syrians for less 💵📉
   ➞ causing tensions to form in native Jodanian communities 💥
5. Over 25% of Jordan’s budget is spent on the Syrian refugee crisis 💰
   ➞ leading to other areas (e.g. healthcare and education) to lose out.

Question 8

• What are the IMPACTS of FORCED migration on the DONOR country (Syria)?

Answer 8

1. Conflict continues - causing less development 💣📉
   ➞ due to population (less workers/industry)
2. Farmland and animlas abandoned/destroyed 🚜💥
   ➞ so reduced agricultural productivity 🚜📉
   ➞ creating food shortages 🌾💨
   ➞ leading to malnutrition and death 💀
3. Increased tensions between neighbouring countries 🌍💥
   ➞ due to coflict crossing borders.
4. Lack of healthcare ❌🏥
   ➞ as 70% of healthcare workers have left the country.