Population

Question 1

• What is a CENSUS and what are the ways in which data is collected from it?

Answer 1

• What is a CENSUS?:
  1. A survey that collects data every 10 years.

2. Each household is asked to complete a detailed questionarre about the number of people living there.
3. People also answer questions on social, economic and cultural backgrounds
   ➞ (e.g. Do you own or rent your property? How many vehicles does the household own?)
4. It is a legal requirement to complete, with possible £1000 fines for failing to do so.

• Why is it done?:
  1. Government can see what changes need to be done
  ➞ (e.g. more schools)
• Any problems?:
  1. Expensive
  ➞ (e.g. 2011 census for England and Wales cost £482 million)

2. Data could be wrong
   ➞ as some people fail to complete it/errors could occur.

Question 2

• What are other methods for collecting population data?

Answer 2

1. CIVIL REGISTRATIONS
   ➞ gives the number of births and deaths, which provides an up to date count between censuses.
2. SCOTTISH HOUSEHOLD SURVEY is a continuous survey
   ➞ providing current population data.
   ↳ It is based on a random sample of the population and is cheaper than a full census.
3. NHS RECORDS
   ➞ can also provide health data.
4. SCHOOL RECORDS
   ➞ can also provide academic information on children.
5. VISA APPLICATIONS
   ➞ gather information on applications.

Question 3

• What are CENSUS ISSUES which occur within developing countries?

Answer 3

1. Countries have many offical langauges 💬
   ➞ so have to translate their census forms and emply ‘enumerators’ who can speak multiple languages,
   ↳ (e.g. India has 22 official langauges and hundreds of unofficial languages)
2. Low literacy levels 📖
   ➞ mean people are unable to complete the forms and unintentional mistakes can be made, creating inaccuracies,
   ↳ (e.g. Afghanistan = 37.3%)
3. Difficult terrain and poor infrastructure 🏔️
   ➞ makes it difficult for enumarators to distribute the census forms
   ↳ (e.g. Indonesia has over a 1000 islands)
4. Conflict 🪖
   ➞ can make it too dangerous for enumarators to enter and data can quickly become out-of-date due to high death toll
   ↳ (e.g. Syrian Civil War)
5. Censuses are expensive 💸
   ➞ in developing countries, there may be higher priorities for spending, such as healthcare and education.
6. Many live in shanty towns within developing countries 🏚️
   ➞ so have no offical address to send form to
   ↳ (e.g. Rocninha in Rio)
7. Nomadic people 🐫
   ➞ may be missed or counted twice as they cross international borders
   ↳ (e.g. Bedouin of the Sahara Desert)
8. Illegal immigrants 🚫
   ➞ wish to avoid deportation, so will not be willing to complete a form.
   ↳ (e.g. illegal Ethiopian immigrants in Saudi Arabia)
9. Ethnic tensions and internal political rivalries 💥
   ➞ may lead to innaccuracies
   ↳ (e.g. Northern Nigeria have inflated thier population figures to secure increased political representation)

Question 4

• Why are DEATH RATES lower in developed countries? ☠️📉

Answer 4

1. Advances in medicine 💊
   ➞ allow people to live longer
   ↳ (e.g. statins)
2. Lower infant mortality rate 🍼
   ➞ due to better health care
   ↳ (e.g. vaccinations)
3. People are educated 📚
   ➞ about health risks/benefits
   ↳ (e.g.* fit for life*)
4. Access to good diet 🥗
   ➞ so have access to better nutrition.
5. High standard of living ✅
   ➞ (e.g. good sanitation and clean water)

Question 5

• Why are BIRTH RATES lower in developed countries? 🍼📉

Answer 5

1. Expensive to raise children 💵
   ➞ so people have less
   ↳ (e.g. £229,251).
2. Marrying later 💍
   ➞ as women are staying in education/having careers.
3. Low infant mortality rate 🍼
   ➞ so no need to have many children to ensure some survive.
4. Access to family planning 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦
   ➞ so children are planned.
5. Children don’t contribute economically 📊
   ➞ (e.g. source of income/provide labour on farms)
6. Private/state pensions 🏡
   ➞ so children are not needed to care for parents in old age.

Question 6

• What are the reasons for an AGEING POPULATION in developed countries? 🧓🏽

Answer 6

1. Low death rates ☠️📉
   ➞ due to improved medicine
   ↳ (e.g. beta blockers)
2. Low current birth rates 🍼📉
   ➞ (e.g. contraception, raising the average age of marriage)
3. Past high birth rates 📖🍼
   ➞ causing more people to be in older age groups
   ↳ (e.g. 1950’s baby boom)
4. High life expectancy 💖
   ➞ due to better living conditions
   ↳ (e.g. better diets)

Question 7

• What are the impacts of MORE OLD DEPENDENTS in developed countries? 🧓🏽📈 (CONSEQUENCES)

Answer 7

1. Increased pensions 🍯💵
   ➞ means higher costs for the government,
   ↳ and to meet these costs, the government will need to raise taxes and increase retirement age.
2. Increased strain on healthcare 🏥🪢
   ➞ as the elderly use these services more
   ↳ (e.g. hip replacement)
3. More services for the elderly 🏙️
   ➞ such as care homes are needed.
4. Population will be encouraged to invest in private healthcare and pensions 🏥🍯💵
   ➞ to reduce pressure on government.
5. Increased strain on family members 👨🏽‍👩🏽‍👧🏽‍👦🏽
   ➞ to help care for elderly relatives.
6. Elderly can look after grand kids 👴🏽👶🏽
   ➞ reducing childcare costs.

Question 8

• What are the impacts of LOW BIRTH RATE in developed countries? 🍼📉 (CONSEQUENCES)

Answer 8

1. Less children 👶🏽📉
   ➞ means a lack of future workers.
2. Migration will need to be encouraged ✈️
   ➞ to bring in more workers and may lead to racial/cultural tensions.
3. Lack of workers will help reduce unemployment 👷📉
   ➞ as less competition for jobs.
4. Decline in demand for childrens services 🎒📉
   ➞ (e.g. schools)
   ↳ Teachers may lose jobs and pram makers may lose profits.
5. Lack of people 🧑
   ➞ to join the armed forces.
6. Government may have to introduce incentives 💵
   ➞ to raise birth rate
   ↳ (e.g. longer maternity leave).

Question 9

• Why are DEATH RATES higher in developing countries? ☠️📈

Answer 9

1. High infant mortality rates 👶🏽☠️
   ➞ due to lack of vaccinations.
2. Lack of clean water and sanitation ❌💦
   ➞ spreads disease
   ↳ (e.g. cholera)
3. Malnutrition 😖
   ➞ causes higher susceptibility to disease.
4. Poverty ❌💵
   ➞ means less access to healthcare
   ↳ (often have to pay)
5. Less access to healthcare ❌🏥
   ➞ as many live in rural areas far from urban hospitals.
6. Presence of killer diseases 🦟
   ➞ (e.g. malaria)
7. High rates of HIV/AIDS infections 🩸
   ➞ due to lack of contraception and polygamy.

Question 10

• Why are BIRTH RATES higher in developing countries? 🍼📈

Answer 10

1. No pensions ❌🍯💵
   ➞ so children provide for elderly parents.
2. High infant mortality rate 👶🏽☠️
   ➞ so many children to ensure some survive.
3. Polygamy 👨🏽👩🏽👩🏽
   ➞ more than one wife creates larger families.
4. More children creates higher status 👶🏽✨
   ➞ encouraging births.
5. Farm labour 👨🏽‍🌾
   ➞ due to a lack of mechanisation.
6. Sex preference ♂️
   ➞ (e.g. boys for farm labour)
7. Lack of schooling ❌🏫
   ➞ so start families younger.
8. Greater religious influence ✝️
   ➞ so less use of contraception.
9. Less sex education/contraception 📚

Question 11

• What are the impacts of an INCREASED POPULATION in developing countries? 👨🏽‍👩🏽‍👧🏽‍👦🏽 📈 (CONSEQUENCES)

Answer 11

1. Increased population puts additional pressure on country 💥
   ➞ (e.g. more demand on services and resources, like education)
2. Lack of housing ❌🏘️
   ➞ as housing is already overcrowded and can lead to the development of shanty towns.
3. Increased demand for food 🌾📈
   ➞ could lead to malnutrition/famine.
4. Land degradation may also occur 🌿
   ➞ due to over cropping to increase proudctivity.
5. To reduce overpopulation ✈️
   ➞ governments may encourage emigration.

Question 12

• What are the impacts of a HIGH BIRTH RATE in developing countries? 🍼📈 (CONSEQUENCES)

Answer 12

1. More births means increased pressure on healthcare 📈🏥
   ➞ as more services like vaccinations and midwifes will be needed.
2. More children means there is more demand for education 📈🏫
   ➞ so that more schools will have to be built and more teachers trained.
3. However, government may be unable to afford this ❌💵
   ➞ impacting future development.
4. Government may introduce incentives, such as free sterilisation ✂️
   ➞ to reduce birth rate.

Question 13

• What are the impacts of a HIGH ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION in developing countries? 🛠️ (CONSEQUENCES)

Answer 13

1. Increased economically active 🛠️📈
   ➞ means more workers, attracting foreign business and investment.
   ↳ There is also more people for the military.
2. However, unemployment/under-employment rates may increase 📋
   ➞ as there are more workers than jobs.

Question 14

• What are the impacts of MORE ELDERLY in developing countries? 👴🏽(CONSEQUENCES)

Answer 14

1. Elderly healthcare services will require more investment 🏥💵
   ➞ as more people will be using them.