Migration

Question 1

What is Immigration (In-migration)?

Answer 1

Migrant moving to a new country to permanently settle

Question 2

What is Emigration (Out-migration)?

Answer 2

Migrant leaving their country in order to settle somewhere else

Question 3

What are Push Factors?

Answer 3

Negative situations or conditions which causes a person to want to leave
ESPN

Question 4

What are Pull Factors?

Answer 4

Positive situations or conditions which draw people to a new destination
ESPN

Question 5

What does ESPN stand for?

Answer 5

E conomic
S ocial
P olitical
eNvironmental

Question 6

What is the #1 reason people migrate?

Answer 6

Economic opportunities

Question 7

What are Economic Push Factors?

Answer 7

Unemployment in current location

Workplace shutting down

Mechanization leading to less need for human labor

High personal or business taxes

Question 8

What are Economic Pull Factors?

Answer 8

Open job opportunities

Factories moving to a new location

Low tax rates

Question 9

What are Social Push Factors?

Answer 9

Religious persecution

Discrimination/racism

Lack of school or educational opportunities

Lack of available healthcare

Question 10

What are Social Pull Factors?

Answer 10

Religious freedom

Acceptance of different ways of life/diverse pop.

Educational opportunities

Access to healthcare

Question 11

What are Political Push Factors?

Answer 11

Political persecution

Discrimination based on political views

Harsh government policies

Poor or cruel leadership

Political instability
Warfare or threat of warfare

Question 12

What are Political Pull Factors?

Answer 12

Political freedom
-Safety to voice different political opinions

Religous freedom

Stable government

Fair laws

More trusted leadership/political system

Question 13

What are eNvironmental Push Factors?

Answer 13

Drought

Natural disasters (Hurricanes, floods, etc…)

Human damage to the environment (degradation)

Question 14

What are eNvironmental Pull Factors?

Answer 14

Available arable land

Safety from natural disasters (High ground, away from coast…)

Healthy & safe environment

Beautiful scenery

Pleasant climate

Question 15

What are laws that encourage immigration?

Answer 15

Guest worker programs

Family reunification

Question 16

What are the Political effects on Receiving Countries?

Answer 16

-Laws/restrictions that discourage immigration
+Laws that encourage immigration

Question 17

What are the Political Effects-Laws/Restrictions of immigration?

Answer 17

Immigration quotas (limitations)

Exclusion Acts

Border Patrol Policies

US Congressional reapportionment based on changing census data

Question 18

What are the Economic Effects on Receiving Countries?

Answer 18

+Guest workers
+Fill labor shortages
+Contribute to taxes
+Brain Gain

-Reduces available jobs for citizens

Question 19

What are the Economic Effects on Countries of Origin (Home countries)?

Answer 19

Money (remittances) sent back home
+Supports economy for countries of origin

Question 20

“Brain Gain”…

Answer 20

Gains educated/skilled workers

Question 21

“Brain Drain”…

Answer 21

The migration and loss of educated/skilled workers
*Typically from LDCs to MDCs

Question 22

What are the Social & Demographic Effects on Receiving Countries?

Answer 22

Cultural Diffusion
-Food, music, religion, language, etc…

Multiculturalism
-Xenophobia, discrimination…

Can create ethnic enclaves (cultural neighborhoods)

Changes pop. composition (Stage 4-5 of the DTM)
-Can reduce dependency ratios

Question 23

What are the Social & Demographic Effects on Countries of Origin?

Answer 23

Can create a skewed sex ratio (More males immigrate than women)

Can increase dependency ratios (Working-age people immigrate more)

Question 24

What is Voluntary Migration?

Answer 24

Movement that is done willingly

Question 25

What is Forced Migration?

Answer 25

Caused by outside forces-absence of choice Not safe, conflict, disease, etc...

Question 26

What is Chain Migration?

Answer 26

*VOLUNTARY* People migrating to a new location often following family, friends, or cultural connections who already made the move Ex: Chinatown, Little Italy, Koreatown

Question 27

What is Counter urbanization?

Answer 27

*VOLUNTARY* Migration away from the city to live in the suburban or rural areas People may be able to -Commute or work remotely -Live in a less congested area -Can afford to move Ex: Leaving New York to go to Wyoming

Question 28

What are Guest Workers?

Answer 28

*VOLUNTARY* A person from a foreign country allowed to live and work temporarily in another country -Often to fill low-skilled jobs Some guest workers may stay permanently after their work permit ends Ex: Turkish workers in Germany

Question 29

What is Internal Migration?

Answer 29

*VOLUNTARY* Migration WITHIN a country Ex: USA Great Migration of African Americans moving to urban areas from rural areas between 1910-1970

Question 30

What is International Migration?

Answer 30

*VOLUNTARY* The moment of people across NATIONAL borders to live in another country Ex: Philippines to the US *Less than 5% of global pop. has migrated internationally

Question 31

What is Rural-to-Urban Migration?

Answer 31

*VOLUNTARY* People from farming or countryside areas moving to cities Ex: Migration from Western China to eastern coastal cities

Question 32

What is Step Migration?

Answer 32

*VOLUNTARY* A migrant follows a series of stages over time to a final destination Ex: Central Americans migrate to Mexico -> Texas -> Chicago

Question 33

What is Transhumance?

Answer 33

*VOLUNTARY* A seasonal migration pattern that farmers/herders follow to move livestock and maximize productivity Ex: Mongolian herders move across vast grasslands with their animals

Question 34

What is Transnational Migration?

Answer 34

*VOLUNTARY* The movement of migrants between their home country and new country they moved to Ex: Seasonal workers from Mexico to the US and then back to Mexico

Question 35

What are Intervening Obstacles?

Answer 35

Complications that potential migrants will need to overcome to reach their destination -Distance -Legal environment

Question 36

What are Intervening Opportunities?

Answer 36

Nearby attractive local where migrants may settle instead of going to the intended destination which is farther away

Question 37

Women are more likely to migrate internally but men...

Answer 37

Are more likely to migrate internationally