APHUG > UNIT 2 > Flashcards

UNIT 2 Flashcards

(96 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

What is a developing/industrializing country?

A

Relatively lower income/less advanced economy

Lower standard of living for its population

Typically
High CBR and CDR’s
Short LE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a developed/industrialized country?

A

Advanced economy with wide access to advanced technology and infrastructure

High standard of living for its population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

LDC=

A

Less developed country

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

MDC=

A

More developed country

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the Gross Domestic Product (GPD)?

A

The value of all goods and services produced over a specified time period within a country’s borders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Life Expectancy (LE)

A

The average number of years a person can expect to live

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)?

A

The annual growth of a population which compares birth rates to death rates
-Excluding migration *Natural

CBR-CDR=RNI

More births than death= Positive RNI and pop. grows

More deaths than births= Negative RNI and pop. decreases

Countries with high birthrates and low death rates usually have a high RNI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the Total Fertility Rate (TFR)?

A

An estimate of how many children the average woman will have

TFR of 2.1 is replacement level

Higher TFR:
-Younger population
-More demand for education, jobs…

Lower TFR:
-Aging population
-Shrinking workforce/possible labor shortages
-Increased pressure on Social Security

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)?

A

The number of deaths of infants under 1 year old per 1,000 live births

Affected by
-Health/Nutrition
-Sanitation/Medical care
-Education
-Housing

Common in LDC
Rare in MDC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Literacy Rate?

A

The percentage of a country’s population that can read and write

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the Human Development Index (HDI)?

A

Is a measure created by the United Nations

Uses 3 criteria to measure development;
-A long and healthy life
-Knowledge
-A decent standard of living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an Ecumene?

A

Any portion of Earth with a permanent human population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What factors influence population distribution?

A

Physical:
Climate- People avoid extreme conditions
Landforms- Lower elevations, less in desert and mountains
Water bodies- Near coasts and bodies of water

Human:
Cultural- Different cultural groups perceive same physical environments in different ways and respond differently
Economic- Opportunities for jobs or services

These apply at different scales of analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an Anthropocene?

A

The period in which human activities have had the dominant influence on the environment

Anthropo= “Human” in Greek

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Demography?

A

The statistical study of population and its change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are population clusters?

A

Heavily populated areas that illustrate the unevenness in global population distribution

Geographers have identified 4 major population clusters on Earth
-South Asia
-East Asa
-Southeast Asia
-Europe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a megacity?

A

A city with more than 10 million residents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a metacity?

A

A city with more than 20 million residents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Arithmetic (Crude) Density?

A

Total population divided by total land area (usually per square mile or kilometer)

High= Crowded/clustered
Low= Dispersed

Ex: New York City has a high arithmetic density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Agriculture Density?

A

Numbers of farmers per unit of arable land

High= More manual labor-intensive farming, less developed
Low= Mechanized, smaller number of farmers, more developed

-Reflects the labor intensiveness of agriculture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Physiological Density?

A

Number of people per unit of arable land

High= Lots of people with less farmland, potential sustainability issues
Low= Adequate farmland for food production

-Good indicator of the pressure that the population exerts on the land resource and agriculture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Carrying Capacity?

A

The number of people that an area can support or sustain without hurting the environment

Can be different depending on human actions and the characteristics of the land people are living on

-Countries with a high physiological density risk exceeding their carrying capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is Population Distribution?

A

The way people are spread out across an area

Pattern of human development

Highlights the patterns where people live
-Clustered, dispersed, or empty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Population Density?

A

The number of people per unit of area

Measures how crowded a place is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
True or False? Urban areas generally have a higher population density than rural areas
True Due to economic opportunity and more access to many services
26
How is population distributed around the world?
Pop. distribution is highly uneven at global, national, and local scales There are 4 major population clusters in the world but most of Earth's surface is sparsely populated Pop. size and land area vary greatly by country -Countries's populations are growing at different rates
27
What does population distribution and density affect?
It affects: Social, Economic, Political, Environmental -Political representation -Human health -Economic development -Vulnerability to natural disasters
28
What is a Crude Birth Rate (CBR)?
Number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people in a population +Traditional gender roles (increasing) -Access to contraceptives/birth control/family planning (decreasing) -High cost of childbearing (decreasing)
29
What is a Crude Death Rate (CDR)?
Number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people in a population +Events like war, disease, etc (increasing) -Good nutrition/clean water (decreasing) -Medical care (decreasing) *Higher CDR= more elderly
30
What is migration (permanent movement)?
People moving into a new place +Pull factors (*i* mmigration) Ex: Economic opportunity, freedom of speech, escaping conflict -Push factors (*e* migration) Ex: Dangerous situations, strict laws, few job opportunities
31
How do calculate Rate of Natural Increase (RNI?)
CBR - CDR ÷ 10
32
How do we measure population changes?
RNI Doubling Time
33
How to calculate Doubling Time?
Doubling Time (T) = 70 ÷ Annual percentage rate (RNI) Faster- worries of exceeding carrying capacity
34
What are Population Pyramids/Age-sex Composition used for?
Shows patterns of age structure and sex ratio -Compares age and sex Used to assess pop. growth and decline Predicts markets for goods and services Shows historical impacts on pop. growth and decline *Speaks volumes about past and future demographic changes*
35
What does the Rapidly Expanding (pop. pyramid) indicate?
High CBR and high CDR Young population with high RNI Usually occurs in developing countries
36
What does the Slowly Expanding (pop. pyramid) indicate?
Falling but still relatively high CBR Falling CDR Stable RNI Youthful population but not as extreme as Rapidly Expanding
37
What does the Stationary/Stable (pop. pyramid) indicate?
Low CBR and low CDR Low RNI or 0 pop. growth If the middle portion is widest portion- growth is slowing
38
What does the Constrictive/Contracting (pop. pyramid) indicate?
Very low CBR and low CDR *CDR higher than CBR* Very low or negative RNI
39
What does a Skewed Sex Ratio indicate?
Can be caused by cultural preferences (males preferred over females) Can be caused by migration-guest workers
40
What is a High Youth Dependency Ratio?
Ages 0-14 Higher needs for funding daycare/and or schooling Puts a strain on carrying capacity Women in home roles get less education or jobs which leads to more children Ex: Latin America, South East, Southeast Asia, etc... *Rapidly Expanding & slowly expanding*
41
What is a High Elderly Dependency Ratio?
Ages 65+ Higher costs for government programs (Social Security) Creates needs for medical workers/resources Possible future labor shortage Shrinking tax base *Indicates higher life expectancy and better standards for living Ex: Canada, Cuba, China, Japan, Korea, etc... *Stationary/stable & constricting/contracting*
42
What are the US population dynamics with the Baby Boomers?
Challenges with growing elderly dependency ratio Strains on funding for Social Security and Medicare Healthcare and care-giving shortages
43
Levels of economic development vary from country to country but also...
vary from place to place within countries (subnational/local sale of analysis)
44
What is population composition?
The makeup of a population by age and sex (as well as ethnic, racial, income, and educational backgrounds)
45
What is age structure?
Refers to the breakdown of a population into different age groups
46
What does age structure help us predict?
Future pop. growth- allowing us to estimate how many young people will need education and employment or the elderly that needs support Consumption patterns- young and elderly have different needs
47
What is a Sex Ratio?
The ratio of the number of males to the number of women in a population
48
What is Androcentrism?
A culture in which demonstrates a marked preference for males
49
What impacts skewed sex ratios?
Cultural preferences for males (androcentrism) -Abortion or infanticide of females Gender-selective migration/guest workers War-more young men die in war than women *Can cause serious social consequences*
50
What does age structure impact?
Future pop. growth Labor supply Dependency ratios Demand for services Economic growth
51
What is Population Dynamics?
**Refers to the growth and change of the human pop. on Earth Due to: Birth rates, death rates, migration Birth and deaths are the 2 most basic demographic events that change the pop. size
52
What influences fertility rates?
Education -More educated or employed women tend to have less children Gender roles -Affects family size expectations Population policies -Restricts or encourages births
53
What is Doubling Time?
The number of years it takes for a population to double in size RNI affects doubling time
54
When there is more resources than the population...
Below carrying capacity -Sustainable lifestyle
55
When there is an equal amount of resources to the population...
At carrying capacity
56
When there is more population than the resources...
Over carrying capacity Overpopulation -Unsustainable lifestyle
57
How to we measure population density?
Arithmetic density Physiological density Agriculture density
58
The population of an area increases or decreases based on what 3 major factors?
Fertility (How many babies are born) Mortality (How many people die) Migration (How many people move in or out of an area) *These topics are influenced by environmental, economic, cultural, and political factors
59
What is the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?
Shows relationship between birth rates, death rates, and economic development
60
What is the purpose of the DTM?
Used to analyze and predict trends in pop. growth and decline -Patterns of CBR, CDR, & RNI Shows a country's CBR and CDR over time *As countries develop, they will move through the stages of the DTM -Some countries may skip or return to a stage
61
What is stage 1 (High stationary) of the DTM?
Very high CBR & Very high CDR -Cultural preferences, lack of contraceptives Low RNI High CBR - High CDR= no growth/slower Shortest LE -Due to famine, war, disease... High youth dependency ratio *No country today is in stage 1 of the DTM
62
What is stage 2 (Early expanding) of the DTM?
High CBR -Falling IMR High but rapidly falling CDR High RNI -Rapid pop. growth Short but increasing LE -BASIC nutrition, sanitation, medicines... High youth dependency ratio *LDC's* Ex: Niger, Sub-Saharan countries *Industrialization starts which led to food security and a prosperous economy
63
What is stage 3 (Late expanding) of the DTM?
High but falling CBR Due to -High costs of child-rearing -Role of women shifts- more education & jobs -Rising urbanization High but falling CDR -BETTER nutrition, sanitation, medicines... Increasing LE Increasing but slowing down RNI -Moderate pop. growth Large youth dependency ratio *Developed and in transition countries*
64
What is stage 4 (Low stationary) of the DTM?
Low CBR Due to -Higher standard of living -Women in higher education & jobs -Increased contraceptive use Low CDR Higher LE -Better healthcare *Higher incomes leads to better health outcomes Low RNI -0 to little pop. growth Shifts to aging pop./Large elderly dependency ratio *MDC's* Ex: US, China
65
What is stage 5 (Natural decrease) of the DTM?
Very low CBR *Conditions same as stage 4* CDR higher than CBR Negative or very low RNI -Shrinking pop. -Pop. may still grow due to immigration Large elderly dependency ratio *MDC's* Ex: South Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Germany
66
What is the Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)?
Shows relationship between changes how health services and living standards affect patterns of disease -As countries modernize, their socioeconomic and health conditions improve
67
What is the purpose of the ETM?
Explains how changes in healthcare services and standards of living impacts patterns of disease-which ultimately affects death Explains changes in mortality for a country -Influences CDR
68
What is the Pestilence and Famine stage of the ETM?
Outbreaks of epidemics and infectious diseases as well as -Animal attacks -Crop failure Children and women are particularly vulnerable Ex: Cholera, tuberculosis, famine, Bubonic Plaque High CDR Low LE *Historical *No country today is in this stage
69
What is the Receding Pandemics stage of the ETM?
Infectious diseases, famine Intro to these- Risk of cancer, heart disease, stroke increases Improved sanitation, nutrition, & medicines CDR lowers Increased LE
70
What is the Degenerative and Human Made Diseases stage of the ETM?
Diseases most connected to aging or lifestyle Body-caused conditions Ex: Cancers, heart disease, stroke... Low CDR Increased LE Pop. growth
71
What is the Delayed Degenerative Diseases stage of the ETM?
Low CDR-might be higher than CBR Increased LE with medical advancement Commonly caused by aging -Heart disease, cancer, alzheimers, dementia... -Junk food & sedentary lifestyles
72
What is the Reemergence of Infectious Diseases stage of the ETM?
Degenerative & human made diseases return Ex: HIV/AIDS, COVID, ebola Disease mutation/resistance to antibiotics Lowering LE Diseases thrive where access to care is low Impacts GLOBAL pop.
73
Endemic...
Stays local
74
Epidemic...
Spreads through region and start to infect the neighboring region
75
Pandemic...
Spreads across regions Pan= across
76
What is a degenerative disease?
One that causes deterioration over time
77
What are Anti-natalist policies?
Policies designed to discourage the pop. growth by decreasing the TFR Ex: China's "One-Child Policy" or Egypt's "Two is enough" campaign
78
What are Pro-natalist policies?
Policies designed to encourage pop. growth by increasing the TFR Ex: Denmark's "Do it for Denmark" campaign
79
Governments at various scales can implement...
Population policies to either encourage or discourage births
80
Natalist policies have lasting effects on...
A country's -Economy -Culture -Politics
81
What were the consequences on China's One-Child Policy?
Intended: Less TFR and CBR Unintended: Less workers in the workforce leading to rising costs of living for the increasing elderly population -Labor shortage -Shrinking tax base -Gender inequality -Shrinking pop. *4-2-1* 4 Grandparents 2 Parents 1 Child -Puts burden on the single child to have to support themselves and their family
82
What are the effects of educating women?
They are equipped with knowledge on how to better care for their child(ren) They have children later in life because they are pursuing higher levels of education They may chose to not have children so they can work
83
What are the effects of employing women?
They bring in more money for the household -Provides for their children's health or education More roles are played in society Helps advance a country's economy -Contributing to the GPD
84
What is Maternal Mortality Rate?
The annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to pregnancy Low MMR= Better healthcare *MDC's typically have a lower MMR
85
What are the effects of women having access to contraceptives?
When given access to reliable contraceptives, birth rates drop Access to contraceptives allow women to stay in school or the workforce for longer -Causes social dynamics to shift as less women are at home taking care of children
86
What is Malthusian Theory?
A theory from Thomas Malthus 1st person credited with raising alarm about pop. growth outpacing food production -Warned that pop. would outpace food supply Is valued today but limited due to his historical perspective *Predicted after Britain entered stage 2 of the DTM
87
What are Neo-Malthusians?
People that support Malthus's theory by pointing at the loss in Earth's natural resources coupled with unprecedented pop. growth
88
What are some reasons why Malthus' theory may STILL be used to predict future pop. issues?
As a whole, pop. and food production are growing -Limited use of contraceptives in some areas -Political, economic, or cultural policies that promote pop. growth -Some countries are still in stage 2-3 of the DTM
89
What are some reasons why Malthus' theory may NOT be used to predict future pop. issues?
Pop. and food production are not growing everywhere -Widespread use of contraceptives in MDC's -Political, economic, or cultural policies that discourage pop. growth -Some countries are in stage 4-5 of the DTM -New methods of farming that allow food production despite environmental challenges
90
Why does the US have a higher maternal Mortality than other MDC's?
Women in different areas do not have equal access to maternal healthcare
91
What are Immigration Policies?
Laws or policies to attract or put limit on migrants Quotas: To slow down pop. growth by immigration
92
What can lower the TFR?
Women's access to education Participation in workforce and political status Population policies Access to contraceptives & family planning High costs of living & childcare Later marriages and choices to have less or no children
93
How are Aging Populations created?
Lower TFR & CBR High LE Increased elderly dependency ratio
94
What are the affects of Aging Populations?
Labor force shortage Pop. decline Smaller tax base Higher needs of services for the elderly pop.
95
What are some factors that influence LE?
Socioeconomics Diet & Physical Activity Addictive behaviors-Drugs, Tobacco, Alcohol Disease War Food security Psychological stress
96
What are the Political Consequences of an aging population?
Pro-natalist policies to address the fall in births Lack for military needs Economic growth can become stagnant or even regress Seniors as a voting block
APHUG
flashcards
Decks in class (8)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions