migration controls general

Question 1

what are migration controls

Answer 1

government policies which regulate who enters a country, how long they stay, their right to work, their access to services, and whether they can become citizens.

Question 2

which countries generally have stricter migration controls

Answer 2

HICs

Question 3

why and how do HICs usually have higher strict migration controls

Answer 3

because they usually have strong pull factors like high wages, political stability, strong healthcare and better employment opportunities which create high inflows. This is generally met with backlash from citizens because of views like threat to culture identity, and restrictions also protect public finances.

Question 4

why would MICs put migration controls (3)

Answer 4

Control permanent settlement

Allow temporary labour migration

Act as transit countries

Question 5

instead of immigration controls, LICs usually experience

Answer 5

emigration controls (brain drain concerns)

Question 6

what does nepal do

Answer 6

regulates overseas labour migration through permits.

Question 7

what are the 4 types of migration control

Answer 7

• border controls
• legal and administrative controls
• internal controls
• offshore or externalisation policies

Question 8

border controls are : (3)

Answer 8

Physical barriers (walls, fences)

Patrols and surveillance

Visa requirements

Question 9

who has border controls

Answer 9

United States – border wall sections.

Question 10

legal and administrative controls (4)

Answer 10

Points-based systems (skills-based)

Quotas

Work permits

Family reunification limits

Question 11

who has legal and administrative controls

Answer 11

Canada uses a points-based system.

Question 12

internal controls (3)

Answer 12

Employer checks

Deportation policies

Restrictions on welfare access

Question 13

offshore or externalisation policies when

Answer 13

Countries shift asylum processing elsewhere.

Question 14

example of offshore policies

Answer 14

Australia offshore processing in Nauru.

Question 15

economic reasons why migration controls are put into place (4)

Answer 15

Protect domestic labour markets

Prevent wage depression

Reduce strain on welfare systems

Manage skill shortages selectively

Question 16

political reasons why migration controls are out in place (4)

Answer 16

National sovereignty

National security

Electoral pressure

Rise of populism

Question 17

social and cultural reasons why migration controls are put in place

Answer 17

Concerns about integration

Cultural identity preservation

Social cohesion arguments

Question 18

environmental reasons why migration controls are put in place(3)

Answer 18

Population pressure

Urban congestion

Resource scarcity

Question 19

positive economic effects of controls (3)

Answer 19

Protect low-skilled domestic workers

Selectively attract high-skilled migrants

Reduce strain on public services

Question 20

positive political controls (2)

Answer 20

May reduce public anxiety

Increase government legitimacy

Question 21

negative economic effects (3)

Answer 21

Labour shortages

Ageing population crisis (e.g., Japan)

Reduced economic growth

Question 22

negative social effects (3)

Answer 22

Growth of undocumented migration

Human trafficking

Marginalisation of migrants

Question 23

negative human/ethical rights effects (3)

Answer 23

Detention centres criticism

Refugee protection issues

International law conflicts

Question 24

overall migration controls attempt to (2) but (1)

Answer 24

Protect domestic wages

Prevent labour market saturation

but: labour demand often persists (agriculture and care work)

Question 25

true or false: Even strict countries like United States still rely heavily on migrant labour in the secondary sector. and what does this explain

Answer 25

why controls don’t eliminate migration — they often just make it irregular.

Question 26

what is the worlds system theory

Answer 26

Core countries attract labour from peripheral countries.

Question 27

migration controls can be seen as : (2)

Answer 27

Core countries benefiting from global inequality But limiting full integration of migrants

Question 28

some regions reduce internal controls (example) but have strong external borders, which creates?

Answer 28

Schengen in Europe= free movement but this creates a "fortress europe"

Question 29

countries like UAE and Qatar have (4) which is what ?

Answer 29

extremely high % migrant population Temporary labour only No pathway to citizenship Sponsorship (kafala) system IS a controlled but labour-dependent model.

Question 30

globalisation challenges migration controls because

Answer 30

they are about sovereignty as states claim the right to control borders

Question 31

what is migration framed as (3)

Answer 31

security threat cultural threat economic burden

Question 32

often, do migration controls actually reduce migration ?(2)

Answer 32

They reduce legal migration Increase irregular migration

Question 33

unintended consequences of migration controls (3)

Answer 33

Human trafficking networks Dangerous migration routes (Mediterranean crossings) Higher migrant mortality

Question 34

migration controls effect (4)

Answer 34

Dependency ratios Labour force size Population growth Urbanisation

Question 35

for origin countries, controls can (3)

Answer 35

- reduce remittance flows - increase brain drain restrictions - trap populations in poverty

Question 36

for destination countries, migration controls can : (3)

Answer 36

Attract skilled migrants Increase innovation But worsen global inequality

Question 37

what are the 4 main trends that can be seen with recent international migration

Answer 37

- its becoming more global (more countries are affected at the same time and the diversity of areas of origin is increasing) - it is accelerating, with the number of movements growing in volume in all major regions - becoming more differentiated, with no one type of movement dominating a country's flow but refugees, skilled labour, students, retirees, economic migrants etc... - increasing among women, who now play a much fuller part in their right

Question 38

how do recent migration trends affect policymakers

Answer 38

because the increasing globalisation and growing diversity of migrants make it harder for governments to restrict migration.

Question 39

what is brain gain

Answer 39

refers to the opportunities which arise from the loss of skilled workers abroad and acts as counter benefits to costs of brain drain

Question 40

what is brain drain

Answer 40

migration of highly skilled or educated individuals from one country (usually developing) to another (usually developed) in search of better opportunities, higher wages, improved living conditions, or advanced education and training which usually means lower rates of development for the country

Question 41

Describe what is meant by net contribution by EU migrants?

Answer 41

the net fiscal impact of citizens from European Union (EU) countries on a host country's public finances

Question 42

Explain the purpose of the Blue card and state its problems?

Answer 42

The blue card system attracts workers into the EU. It effectively operates a visa to work in the EU similar to a US green card. However, each EU country can set their own criteria for entry and many countries still haven’t made it law despite the deadline passing. Countries which operate the blue card favour highly skilled workers and the immigrants must have a job offer which pays a salary 1.5x the average salary of the country. The big criticism of the Blue Card is that it has failed to attract many unskilled workers and only favours educated skilled workers offering no hope to low-skilled people who want to improve their quality of life.

Question 43

explain why some economic migrants are willing to take such high risks to get into Europe

Answer 43

Because the reward would be infinitely better than the environment they are living in now. And in Europe, you are allowed to move freely.

Question 44

Describe how Europe is managing the issue of illegal migration?

Answer 44

The EU has increased surveillance of its external borders through Frontex, and vala patrols, radar, drones, and joint border operations intercept migrant boats. EU also makes deals, like with Turkey to stop migrants crossing into GReece, as well as cooperating with North African states to prevent departures and accept returned migrants. Some countries like Hungary have built fences along land borders to prevent irregular entry. Migrants intercepted are detained.

Question 45

What concerns are there with this management?

Answer 45

Humanitarian and human rights concerns (thousands have died in the mediterranean, the world's deadliest migration route) human rights organisations accuse the EU of being complicit in abuse and torture of migrants in North Africa. Tighter controls haven’t stopped migration but forced migrants to take longer and riskier routes, increasing death rates. Incidents. Critics argue EU policies undermine international refugee law and the duty to rescue people in distress. Border fences and strict policies have fuelled divisions between EU member states.

Question 46

Describe how migration is organised within the EU for its member states

Answer 46

Schengen agreement (26 countries and allows free movement without border control or visa checks)

Question 47

State and distinguish between the different types of economic migrant in the EU

Answer 47

elite migrant (carry advanced degrees or specialised skills), low skilled workers (fill the job gaps), illegal migrants (trying to escape poverty and get a better standard of living)