Trade Blocks

Question 1

neoliberalism is

Answer 1

an economic and political philosophy which promotes free markets, minimal government intervention, deregulations and privatisation.

Question 2

trickle down means

Answer 2

is the idea that wealth, benefits coming from the top of social or economic hierarchies will at one point be distributed to people at the bottom (through jobs and higher wages)

Question 3

What does MGO stand for

Answer 3

multi government organisation

Question 4

what does NAFTA stand for

Answer 4

North American Free Trade Agreement

Question 5

when was NAFTA created

Answer 5

1994

Question 6

between who was NAFTA created

Answer 6

US, Canada, Mexico

Question 7

what does NAFTA aim to do

Answer 7

to reduce trade barriers, and increase economic integration across North America.

Question 8

how does NAFTA work (4)

Answer 8

It removes tariffs on most goods traded between the countries, making import and export cheaper

Encourages FDI by protecting investor’s rights

Allows specialisation, so each country focuses on industries where it has a comparative advantage

Increasing market access, creating a large integrated market of hundreds of millions of consumers

Question 9

example of NAFTA in operation

Answer 9

Car parts are produced in Mexico where labour costs are lower.
Engines or high-tech components are made in the United States or Canada.
Parts cross borders multiple times tariff-free during production.
Final vehicles are assembled and sold across North America at lower overall cost.

Question 10

why is NAFTA important and how is it bad (2)

Answer 10

Shows global production networks, trade liberalization, and economic interdependence.

Demonstrates winners and losers: cheaper cars and more trade, but job losses in some manufacturing regions.

Question 11

whats an MGO

Answer 11

multi government organisation

Question 12

how many countries in UN now

Answer 12

193

Question 13

how many countries were in UN in 1945

Answer 13

51

Question 14

when was UN formed

Answer 14

1945

Question 15

what is the charter in the UN

Answer 15

Founding legal document of the United Nations.

Question 16

What is the general assembly

Answer 16

main deliberative body of the United Nations, where all member states are represented equally.

Question 17

what is the strength of the UN

Answer 17

Promotes international cooperation in global trade

Question 18

What does the UN do

Answer 18

creates agreements on global issues that impact us all and ensure that countries follow them

Question 19

5 UN fields

Answer 19

• peace and security
• human rights
• humanitarian aid
• sustainable development and climate
• international law

Question 20

for peace and security, whats the UN’s aim (3)

Answer 20

prevent conflict, helping make peace, creating conditions for peace to thrive and flourish

Question 21

example of the UN working for peace and security

Answer 21

United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) - A peacekeeping operation deployed to support stability, protect civilians, and promote human rights in South Sudan

Question 22

successes of the UN for peace and security (2)

Answer 22

• prevented escalation of many conflicts through meditation and diplomacy
• peacemaking was an effective stabilising tool in fragile states

Question 23

challenges of the UN for peace and security (3)

Answer 23

Geopolitical tensions and divisions
especially in the Security Council, can block action or decisions.

Resource constraints
peacekeeping missions often lack enough funding, personnel or equipment.

Trust deficits
between conflicting parties and global actors make diplomacy harder.

Question 24

UN aims in human rights field (4)

Answer 24

Set universal human rights standards (through international declarations, conventions, and treaties that define and protect fundamental rights and freedom for everyone)

Promote respect for human rights globally (by encouraging states to adopt laws and policies consistent with international human rights norms)

Monitor and address violations (through reporting, investigation, and dialogue with governments to improve compliance)

Integrate human rights into wider UN work (linking rights with peacemaking, development like SDGs, democracy support and humanitarian action)

Question 25

example of UN working for human rights

Answer 25

UDHR (universal declaration of human rights) Adopted in 1948, it's the foundational human rights document of the UN and sets out fundamental civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights to which all human beings are entitled. Has influenced constitutions, national laws and courts worldwide, and also inspired international law and treaties.

Question 26

Successes of the UN for human rights (3)

Answer 26

- established universal standards created a comprehensive body of international human rights law - Norms diffusion ( human right norms have become widely accepted benchmarks that influence national legal systems and civil societies globally) - global monitoring and review ( mechanisms like the universal periodic review assess all 193 UN member states on their human rights records, promoting accountability and transparency

Question 27

challenges for the UN for human rights (4)

Answer 27

Implementation gaps (states can ratify treaties but not fully implement them, creating a gap between international commitments and actual practise) Political and geopolitical limitations (UN depends on members cooperation, and geopolitical interests can limit action on serious rights violations) Resource constraints (Human rights bodies, such as the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), often operate with limited budgets and staffing, reducing monitoring and response capacity.) Cultural and value debates (Some governments resist certain human rights norms on the basis of cultural or political differences, challenging universal application.)

Question 28

UN aims in humanitarian aid (3)

Answer 28

- reduce human suffering (ensuring access to food, water, shelter and human care) - support recovery and resiliance (help communities rebuild and become less vulnerable in future crisis) - coordinate international response (ensure aid reaches most needed areas)

Question 29

example of UN action in humanitarian aid

Answer 29

UN World Food Programme (WFP) in Yemen Since the war started in 2015 - the UN WFP has delivered food assistance to millions of yemeni children - WFP reached over 13 million people per month Provides food rations, nutritional support, and cash transfers to vulnerable families.

Question 30

successes of the UN in humanitarian aid (4)

Answer 30

Life-saving support: In Yemen, the WFP reached over 13 million people per month at the height of the crisis. Global coordination: The UN works with NGOs and governments to streamline aid. Innovative delivery: Use of cash-based transfers or mobile vouchers to empower local markets and provide choice. Reducing mortality: Rapid deployment of medical teams, clean water, and food in disasters saves countless lives.

Question 31

challenges the UN faces with humanitarian aid (4)

Answer 31

Funding shortages: UN aid programs rely on voluntary donations; underfunding limits reach. Logistics: Transporting aid in remote or disaster-affected areas is difficult. Corruption and diversion: Aid sometimes doesn’t reach intended recipients due to theft or political manipulation. Dependency: Long-term aid can reduce local self-sufficiency if not managed carefully.

Question 32

aim for UN field of international law

Answer 32

to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained

Question 33

successes of international law field for the UN (3)

Answer 33

- provided legal framework for diplomacy and treaties - peaceful resolution of territorial and political disputes - strengthened international norms

Question 34

challenges the UN faced in international law field (3)

Answer 34

- states can ignore rulings - no enforcement mechanism - some major powers refuse jurisdiction

Question 35

UN aims for sustainable development and climate field (3)

Answer 35

- promote long term economic, social and environmental development - combat climate change - reduce global poverty and inequality

Question 36

whats an example of the UN acting for the sustainable development and climate field

Answer 36

the SDGs

Question 37

successes of the UN for the sustainable development and climate field (3)

Answer 37

- global framework adopted by nearly all countries - progress in education, health, and poverty reduction - increased international cooperation on climate issues

Question 38

challenges UN faced with the sustainable development and climate field (3)

Answer 38

- climate change is progressing faster than action - inequality between developed and developing countries - lack of funding and political commitment

Question 39

what is a trading bloc

Answer 39

an arrangement among a group of nations to allow free trade between member countries but to impose tariffs on other countries that may wish to trade with them.

Question 40

examples of trade blocs (3)

Answer 40

EU ASEAN (association of south east asian nations) NAFTA (north american free trade agreement)

Question 41

what are free trade areas

Answer 41

where members abolish tariffs and quotas on trade between themselves but restrict imports from non-member countries

Question 42

customer unions are

Answer 42

a closer form of economic integration. As well as having free trade between members, all members operate a common external tariff on imports from abroad

Question 43

common markets

Answer 43

are custom markets which also allow free movement of people and capital

Question 44

economic unions

Answer 44

groups of nations which allow free trade but and free movement of people and capital but also require members to have common policies on sectors like agriculture, industry and regional development.

Question 45

what are export processing zones

Answer 45

EPZs are fenced industrial estates that offer favourable conditions such as tax incentives, relaxed labor laws, and duty-free imports of raw materials and machinery.

Question 46

purpose of EPZ

Answer 46

To encourage export-oriented industrialisation by providing an environment that reduces costs and bureaucratic hurdles for manufacturers.

Question 47

how EPZs impact industrialisation (good) (6)

Answer 47

attract Foreign Investment: By offering incentives and infrastructure, EPZs attract multinational companies to set up factories, bringing capital, technology, and expertise. Job Creation: EPZs generate employment opportunities, often for low-skilled workers, which can reduce unemployment and improve livelihoods. Export Growth: They boost a country's export earnings by producing goods mainly for international markets, improving the trade balance. Technology Transfer: Foreign companies often introduce new production techniques and management skills, which can spill over into the wider economy. Industrial Diversification: EPZs can help diversify the industrial base, moving from traditional agriculture or raw material exports to manufacturing. Economic Growth: Increased industrial activity can stimulate growth in related sectors such as transport, services, and construction.

Question 48

potential downsides of EPZs

Answer 48

Labor Exploitation: Sometimes, relaxed labor laws in EPZs lead to poor working conditions and low wages. Environmental Concerns: Rapid industrialisation in EPZs may cause pollution if environmental regulations are weak. Limited Linkages: EPZs may operate as enclaves with little integration into the domestic economy, limiting broader industrial development.