✈️ migration sg3

Question 1

what happened in afghanistan between 1979-1989

Answer 1

war with russia:
communists try to modernise country to have equal rights
resistance from mujahadeen which lasted 10 years
UN tried to make peace agreement but failed
president killed = mujahadeen victory
900,000 afghans. returned home

Question 2

what happened to afghanistan between 1996-2001

Answer 2

taliban took control of government
strict sharia law = gender inequality, no fun etc
al queda were allowed to run terrorist training camps
9/11 = usa invasion = removal of taliban and al queda
6 million refugees

Question 3

what happened in afghanistan in 2001

Answer 3

UN established ISAF (peacekeeping)
first democratic election so Hamid Karzai became president
lots of ppl returned home
3 mil students return to school

Question 4

what happened to afghanistan in 2021

Answer 4

Taliban took control
reinstated restrictions on women
unemployment = 40%
neighbouring countries tightened border controls
families selling organs and children
1.6 mil refugees to neighbouring countries

Question 5

where do refugees from afghanistan go, and why, and %

Answer 5

pakistan (60%), iran (35%) - neighbouring countries, same culture, large borders, no intervening obstacles
other (5%) - safety

Question 6

what is the solutions strategy

Answer 6

implemented in 2012
involved UNHCR, afghanistan, iran, pakistan
3 main aims:
- support afghanistan voluntary repatriation
- support refugees by helping them economically (eg jobs)
- support to host countries (iran and pakistan)

Question 7

success of solutions strategy

Answer 7

between 2002-2018 5.2 million afghans returned
20% of population are returnees

Question 8

limitations of solution strategy

Answer 8

less refugees returned over the years
still 2nd largest country of origin
91% of refugees hosted by only 2 countries

Question 9

why do people leave afghanistan

Answer 9

gdp is $2000 which is 7x below average
55% below poverty line
life expectancy is only 51
literacy rate is 38%
hdi = 0.479
23% work i’m agriculture

Question 10

what are the opportunities that come from migration out of afghanistan

Answer 10

-78% of families receive remittances (30% of gdp) to help reach daily needs
- temporary return of qualified nationals (TRQN) = highly skilled afghans returning from Netherlands to do temporary work in afghanistan to help transfer knowledge
- return of qualified afghans (RQA) = 1500 skilled afghans return from netherlands to fill specialised vacancies

Question 11

what are the challenges of migration out of afghanistan

Answer 11

• farmland was abandoned so only 6% of land is cultivated
• 55% under poverty line
• 70% of Kabul is informal settlements
• 23% of Afghan graduates emigrated in 2000 in search of better jobs
• shortage of skilled professionals = brain drain
• returnees have lost links with family and friends
• unemployment is 40%

Question 12

socio economic interdependence between afghans and pakistani pashtun tribe

Answer 12

pashtun ethic group is 30% of afghanistan population & 20% of pakistan
separated by the durand line
don’t consider themselves afghan or pakistani just pashtun
cross border migration is a way of life

Question 13

political interdependence between afghanistan and pakistan

Answer 13

afghanistan - pakistan action plan for peace and solidarity aimed to eliminate terrorism & achieve peace, stability, prosperity & development

Question 14

economic interdependence between afghanistan and pakistan

Answer 14

both members of south asian association of regional cooperation
main objective is to achieve free trade in south asia
54% afghanistan trade transits through pakistan