millwright Manuel chapter 2

Question 1

elements are materials containing only one type of what ?

Answer 1

atom

Question 3

What is matter composed of?

Answer 3

All matter is composed of atoms.

Question 4

What are atoms?

Answer 4

Atoms are single units of special substances called elements.

Question 5

What are elements?

Answer 5

Elements are materials containing only one type of atom.

Question 6

What determines the chemical behavior of an element?

Answer 6

The atomic structure of an element determines its chemical behavior.

Question 7

What does chemical behavior refer to?

Answer 7

Chemical behavior refers to the way an element interacts with other elements.

Question 8

What are a few examples of naturally occurring elements on Earth?

Answer 8

Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, copper, lead, silver, gold

These elements are fundamental building blocks of matter.

Question 9

What do atoms of elements unite to form?

Answer 9

Molecules

Molecules are more complex structures composed of two or more atoms.

Question 10

What is most matter composed of?

Answer 10

Molecules

Molecules consist of two or more atoms combined together.

Question 11

What determines the characteristics of a material?

Answer 11

The arrangement and structure of molecules

Different arrangements lead to different material properties.

Question 12

Why is iron harder than copper?

Answer 12

Due to differences in the arrangement and structure of the molecules

Molecular structure influences physical properties like hardness.

Question 13

What determines the color of gold?

Answer 13

The molecule structure

The specific arrangement of atoms in gold molecules affects its color.

Question 14

What is a compound?

Answer 14

A compound is the product of two or more atoms that unite chemically.

Compounds can consist of different elements or the same element in a combined form.

Question 15

What is a mixture?

Answer 15

A material where two or more elements or compounds are combined but retain their original properties.

Mixtures can be homogeneous or heterogeneous depending on the uniformity of their composition.

Question 16

What are the three physical forms or states of matter?

Answer 16

Solid, liquid, gas

Question 17

What happens to solids when they are heated?

Answer 17

They melt into liquids or vaporize

Question 18

What occurs when liquids are cooled?

Answer 18

They freeze to solids or vaporize to gases

Question 19

What do gases do when cooled?

Answer 19

They condense into liquids

Question 20

Fill in the blank: Matter exists in one of three physical forms: solid, liquid, or _______.

Answer 20

gas

Question 21

True or False: Substances can change states without altering their chemical structure.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

What is the process called when a solid turns into a liquid?

Answer 22

Melting

Question 23

What is the process called when a liquid turns into a gas?

Answer 23

Vaporization

Question 24

What is the term for the change of state from gas to liquid?

Answer 24

Condensation

Question 25

What is the process called when a liquid turns into a solid?

Answer 25

Freezing

Question 26

What is the term for the attraction between molecules and solids?

Answer 26

Cohesive force

Question 27

Are molecules and solids strongly attracted to one another?

Answer 27

Yes

Question 28

True or False: Cohesive forces are stronger than adhesive forces.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

What is the term for the force of attraction between unlike molecules?

Answer 29

Adhesive force ## Footnote Adhesive forces occur when molecules of different substances attract each other.

Question 30

True or False: Cohesion is the attraction between unlike molecules.

Answer 30

False ## Footnote Cohesion is specifically the attraction between like molecules.

Question 32

What is mass?

Answer 32

Mass is a measurement of the quantity of a material body ## Footnote Mass is often measured in kilograms or grams.

Question 33

in the metric systym What is the unit of force called?

Answer 33

newton

Question 34

What is the definition of volume?

Answer 34

Volume is the measurement of the amount of space an object occupies ## Footnote This definition applies to both solids and liquids.

Question 35

What does density indicate?

Answer 35

The mass of a body in a given volume. ## Footnote Density is defined as mass per unit volume, and it is a measure of how much matter is contained in a specific volume of a substance.

Question 36

What happens to density as more molecules pack into a given volume?

Answer 36

It becomes more dense. ## Footnote Higher density indicates that there are more molecules or mass in the same volume, leading to a compact arrangement.

Question 37

What is strength?

Answer 37

Strength is the ability to withstand gradually applied forces without rupturing ## Footnote These forces may be tensile, compressive, or shear.

Question 38

What is tensile strength?

Answer 38

The maximum amount of tensile (stretching) stress a material can withstand before failure ## Footnote Tensile strength is a key property in materials science and engineering, indicating how much force a material can endure when being pulled apart.

Question 39

What is compressive strength?

Answer 39

The ability to resist external forces that push into or agianst the material ## Footnote Compressive strength is typically measured in pounds per square inch (psi) or megapascals (MPa) and is crucial in construction and material science.

Question 40

What is ultimate compressive strength (ics)?

Answer 40

The maximum compressive stress that a material can withstand before its surface area changes ## Footnote Ultimate compressive strength is a critical property in materials science and engineering, often used to assess the performance of materials under load.

Question 41

what is shear strength

Answer 41

sheer strength is the ability to resist forces that try to slide a part of the object along itself

Question 42

what is fatigue strength

Answer 42

the abiltiy to withstand repeatedly alternating stresses

Question 43

what is elasticity

Answer 43

abiltily of a material to return to its original demension

Question 44

what is elastic limit ?

Answer 44

the max force that a solid can withstand with out being permanently deformed

Question 45

what is ductility

Answer 45

abiltily to stretch and maintain new shape ## Footnote platinum gold tungsten silver and copper are highly ductile

Question 46

what is malleabilty

Answer 46

the ability of a material to be permanetly deformed by compression force

Question 47

what is toughness

Answer 47

abiltiy of material to withstand shock loads

Question 48

what is hardness

Answer 48

materials abiltiy to resist force that is trying to penetrate it

Question 49

for ever 150 deg F change in temp each inch of diamter and length changes by 0.001"

Question 51

What property allows gases to fill any volume?

Answer 51

Expansion ## Footnote Gases have the ability to expand and occupy the entire volume of their container.

Question 52

What is the term for the ability of gases to occupy small spaces?

Answer 52

Compressibility ## Footnote Compressibility refers to the capacity of a gas to decrease in volume under pressure.

Question 53

What is the combination of expansion and compressibility in gases called?

Answer 53

Higher resilience ## Footnote Higher resilience describes the gas's ability to adapt to varying volumes while maintaining its properties.

Question 54

ice point is 0deg C =32deg F steam point is 100degC=212degF

Question 55

heat flows from one object to another in 3 ways

Answer 55

conduction ,convection,radiation

Question 56

what is conduction?

Answer 56

when heat travels directly through a material