Role of working memory in ctegory learning
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- Involved in the conscious processing of information, such as problem-solving, reasoning, and comprehension.
- WM is crucial for tasks that require active manipulation or temporary storage of information.
Role of explicit long-term memory in category learning
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It is responsible for storing specific, consciously accessible information, such as facts, events, and personal experiences. This type of memory allows for the conscious recall of information.
Role of implicit memory in category learning
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It includes procedural memory (how to perform tasks), as well as influences of past experiences on behavior, even when these experiences are not consciously remembered
Ethnic nationalism
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Emphasizes immutable ascribed attributes like ethnicity and religion
Civic nationlism
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Focuses on achieved outcomes such as respect for laws and shared beliefs
Encoding failures
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Occur when unimportant or seemingly insignificant details are not captured during
Representational change theory
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- Initial Problem Representation
- Accessing Mental Operators
- Impasse
- Restructering for inisght
Hill Climbing
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This strategy involves making incremental changes to move closer to a goal state, particularly when the problem structure is unclear
Means-end analysis
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This heuristic involves identifying the difference between the current state and the goal state, setting subgoals to reduce the difference, and selecting operators to achieve those subgoals.
Design thinking
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1) Ethnographic research: Observing and understanding users in their real-life environments
2) Ideation: Team brainstorms to generate a wide range of potential solutions to address the identified needs
3) Creation of prototypes: Quick and low-cost representation of their ideas
Similarities between problems
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- Superficial similarity (involving solution-irrelevant details)
- Structural similarity (involving shared causal relations)
- Procedural similarity (involving common procedures or actions).
Sequential processing stages
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- Encoding: Information concerning the problem stimuli is processed
- Inferring: Identifying a relation (i.e., similarity) between two items.
- Mapping: Identifying the overall relational pattern or rule governing the problems
- Applying: Using the outcome of the mapping process to select the response completing the analogy
Johnson-Laird’s mental model theory
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- Mental models are created from given information, generating possible conclusions.
- The process includes attempting to find counterexamples to refute conclusions. If none are found, the conclusion is deemed valid.
- Working memory’s limited capacity influences the construction of mental models.
- Complexity increases when multiple models are required for a problem
Logical intuition model
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Argues for two types of intuitive responses – heuristic and logical, with
Type 2 processes resolving conflicts
Motivated System 2 Reasoning
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- Deliberation protects political identities, increasing partisan bias.
- Highly numerate individuals more polarized on issues like climate change.
- Correlation between deliberativeness and polarization.
Bounded rationality
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The idea that people are as rational as the environment (e.g. information costs) and their limited processing capacity (e.g. limited attention) permit.
Instrumental (thin) rationality
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Maximizing the utility (subjective value) of one’s choices or decisions with respect to achieving task-related goals
Broad rationality
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Involves considering the individual’s personal goals and contextual factors (especially social ones) additional
to the immediate task-related goals.
Stanovich’s tripartite model of reasoning
A dual-process model, which distinguishes between 2 forms of type 2 processing:
* Algorithmic mind: Contains information about rules, strategies and procedures that a person can retrieve from memory to aid decision making and problem solving. Can override the heuristic responses generated by the autonomous mind.
* Reflective mind: Makes use of an individual’s goals, beliefs and general knowledge. It makes the decision of whether to use type 2 processes
Modus ponens
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If P, then Q. P is true. Therefore, Q is true.
Modus tollens
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If P, then Q. Q is not true. Therefore, P is not true
Klauer’s dual source model
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Proposes two processes in conditional reasoning:
1) A knowledge-based process influenced by premise content
2) A form-based process influenced by the form of the premises
Verschuren’s dual-proces model
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This model distinguishes between two types of cognitive strategies used in conditional reasoning:
1) Counterexample Strategy: Reasoners using this method consider a conclusion invalid if they can think
of a counterexample that contradicts it.
2) Intuitive Statistical Strategy: Instead of looking for counterexamples, this approach involves assessing the likelihood or probability of a conclusion being true based on the given information.
Syllogistic reasoning
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Syllogistic reasoning involves two premises leading to a conclusion, typically containing three items (A, B, C) with one common in both premises. It uses quantifiers like “all,” “some,” “no,” and “some…not.”
