1
Q
ATP-PC System
A
- used for ATP production during high intensity, short duration exercise
- Phosphocreatine decomposes and releases a large amount of energy that is used to construct ATP
- process occurs almost instantaneously , allowing for ready and available energy needed by the muscles.
- Both ATP and PC are stored directly within the contractile mechanisms of the muscle
2
Q
anaerobic glycolysis
A
- thie energy system is a major supplier of ATP during high intensity, short duration activities such as sprinting 400 or 800 meters. stored glycogen is split into glucose, and through glycolysis, split again into pyruvic acid. The energy released during this process forms ATP.
The process does not require oxygen - anaerobic glycolysis results in the formation of lactic acid, which causes muscular fatigue
-50% slower than the PC System can can provide a person with 0-40 seconds of muscle contraction.
3
Q
Aerobic Metabolism
A
- is used predominantly during low intensity, long duration exercise such as running a marathon.
- the oxygen system yields by far teh most ATP, but it requires several series of complex chemical reactions
- provides energy through the oxidation of food.
- the combination of fatty, acids, AA, and glucose with oxygen releases energy that forms ATP. this system will provide energy as long as there are nutrients to utilize
4
Q
Free nerve ending location & distribution
A
- joint capsule, ligaments, synovium, fat pads
- all joints
5
Q
Free Nerve endings sensitivity
A
- One type is sensitive to non-noxious mechanical stress; other type is sensitive to noxious mechanical or biochemical stimuli
6
Q
Golgi Ligament Endings Location, distribution
A
- ligaments- adjacent to ligaments’ bony attachment
- majority of joints
7
Q
Golgi Ligament Sensitivity
A
- Tension or stretch on ligaments
8
Q
Pacinian Corpuscles location and distribution
A
- fibrous layer of joint capsule
- all joints
9
Q
Pacinian Corpuscles Sensitivity
A
- High FReq vibration, acceleration, and high velocity changes in joint position
10
Q
Ruffini Endings Location and distribution
A
- Fibrous layer of joint capsule
- Greater density in proximal joints,particularly in capsular regions
11
Q
Ruffini Endings Sensitivity
A
- Stretching of joint capsule; amplitude and velocity of joint position
12
Q
indications for Mobilization
A
- passive movement technique designed to improve joint function
- indication: restricted joint mobility, restricted accessory motion, desired neurophysiological effects
13
Q
Contraindications for mobilization
A
- active disease, infection, advance osteoporosis, articular hypermobility, fracture, acute inflammation, muscle guarding joint replacement
14
Q
Grades of Movement
- Grade I
A
- small amplitude movement performed at the beginning of range
15
Q
Grades of Movement
-Grade 2
A
- Large amplitude movement performed within the range , but not reaching the limit of the range and not returning to the beginning of range
16
Q
Grades of Movement
-Grade 3
A
- Large amplitude movement performed up to the limit of range
17
Q
Grades of Movement
-Grade 4
A
- Small amplitude movement performed at teh limit of range
18
Q
Grades of Movement
-Grade 5
A
- Small amplitude, high velocity thrust technique performed to snap adhesions at the limit of range
19
Q
mobilization on a convex surface moving on a concave surface
A
- Roll and slide occur in the opposite direction
- Mobilizing force should be applied in the opposite direction of the bone movement
20
Q
Type I Muscle Fibers
A
- Aerobic
- Tonic
- slow twitch, slow oxidative
- low fatigability
- extensive blood supply
- small fibers
- examples marathon, swimming
21
Q
Type II Muscle Fibers
A
- Anaerobic
- Phasic
- Fast twitch
- fast- glycolytic
- High fatigability
- large fibers
- Examples: high jump, sprinting
22
Q
DIsease- modifying antirheumatic Agents
A
- Disease- modifying antirheumatic drugs slow or halt the progression of rheumatic disease. they are used early during the disease progress to slow the progression prior to widespread damage of teh affected joints. They act to induce remission by modifying the pathology and inhibiting the immune response responsible for rheumatic disease
Indications: rheumatic disease, preferably during early tx
23
Q
corticosteroid
A
- glucocorticoid provide hormonal, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic effects including suppression of the articular and systematic diseases. these agents reduce inflammation in chronic conditions that can damage healthy tissue through a series or reactions.
- Vasoconstriction results from stabilizing lysomal membranes and enhancing the effects of catecholamines
- -Indications: replacement therapy for endocrine dysfunction, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppresive effects; tx of rheumatic, respiratory and various other disorders
24
Q
Nonopiod Agents
A
- nonopiod agents provide analgesia and pain relief, produce anti-inflammatory effects, and initiate anti-pyretic properties. these drugs promote a reduction of prostaglandin formation that decreases the contractions, lowers fever, and minimizes impulse formation of pain fibers
- Indications: mild to moderate pain of various origins, fever, HA, muscle ache, inflammation, primary dysmenorrhea, reduction of risk of myocardial infarction
25
opiod agents (narcotics)
- opiod agents provide analgesia for acute severe pain management. the medication stimulates opioid receptors within the CNS to prevent pain impulses from reaching their destination. Certain drugs are also used to assist with dependency and withdrawal symptoms
- Indications: moderate to severe pain of various origins, induction of conscious sedation prior to a diagnostic procedure, management of opioid dependence, relief of severe and persistent cough(codeine)
26
Bursitis
- condition caused by acute or chronic inflammation of teh bursae. symptoms may include a limitation in AROM secondary to pain and swelling
27
Contusion
- a sudden blow to a part of teh body that can result in mild to severe damage to superficial and deep structures.
- treatment includes AROM, ice and compression
28
Edema
- an increased volume of fluid in the soft tissue outside of a joint capsule
29
effusion
- an increased volume of fluid within a joint capsule
30
Genu valgum
- a condition where the knees touch while standing with the feet separated. Genu valgum will increase compression of the lateral tibial condyle and increase stress to the medial structures.
- genu valgum is also termed knock-knees
31
genu varum
- condition where there is bowing of the legs with added space between the knees while standing with the feet together. Genu varum will increase compression of the medial tibial condyle and increase stress to the lateral structures. Genu varum is also termed bowleg
32
kyphosis
- excessive curvature of the spine in a posterior direction, usually identified in the thoracic spine
- Common causes include osteoporosis, compression fractures, and poor posture secondary to paralysis
33
lordosis
- an excessive curvature of the spine in an anterior direction, usually identified in the cervical or lumbar spine. Common causes include weak abdominal area, and hip flexion contractures
34
Q angle
- the degree of angulation present when measuring from the midpatella to the anterior superior iliac spine and to the tibial tubercle. a normal Q angle measured in supine with the knee straight is 13 degree for a male an d18 degrees for a female.
- an excessive Q angle can lead to pathology and abnormal tracking
35
What is a sprain?
| What are the grades
- an acute injury involving a ligament
- Grade I- mild pain and swelling, a little to no tear of teh ligament
- Grade II- moderate pain and swelling, minimal instability of teh joint,minimal to moderate tearing of the ligament, decr ROM
- Grade III- severe pain and swelling, substantial joint instability, total tear of the ligament, substantial decrease in ROM
36
What is a STRAIN?
| What are the grade?
an injury involving the musculotendinous unit that involves a muscle, tendon or their attachments to bone
- Grade I- localized pain, minimal swelling, and tenderness
- Grade II- localized pain, moderate swelling, tenderness, and impaired motor function
- Grade III- a palpable defect of the muscle, severe pain, and poor motor function
37
tendonitis
- a condition caused by acute or chronic inflammation of a tendon. Symptoms may include gradual onset, tenderness, swelling, and pain
38
plum line Alignment
- slightly posterior to coronal suture
- through the external auditory meatus
- through the axis of the odontoid process
- midway through the tip of the shoulder
- through the bodies of the lumbar vertebrae
- slightly posterior to the hip joint
- slightly anterior to the axis of the knee joint
- Slightly anterior to the lateral malleolus
- through the calcaneocuboid joint
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