MNT 2

Question 1

What is Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)?

Answer 1

Liver steatosis (fat buildup) usually caused by lifestyle habits unrelated to alcoholic consumption.

Question 2

What are some risk factors for NAFLD?

Answer 2

BMI >35, DM, Metabolic Syndrome.

Question 3

What is a cirrhotic liver?

Answer 3

Irreversible scarred liver tissue caused by severe damage to the liver due to excessive alcohol consumption or other forms of liver disease.

Question 4

What is ascites?

Answer 4

Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, which dilutes albumin and decreases synthesis due to scarring, leading to edema.

Question 5

What can ascites cause?

Answer 5

Can cause spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.

Question 6

What are esophageal varices?

Answer 6

Enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus due to portal hypertension.

Question 7

What is hepatic encephalopathy?

Answer 7

Central nervous system dysfunction resulting from liver disease, frequently associated with elevated ammonia levels.

Question 8

What is the treatment for hepatic encephalopathy?

Answer 8

Treatment includes lactulose (causes diarrhea to remove nitrogen) and neomycin to destroy bacteria that produce ammonia.

Question 9

What is the MNT for cirrhosis?

Answer 9

Very catabolic state requiring high calorie (25-35 kcal/kg) and protein (up to 1.5 g/kg).

Question 10

What are common symptoms of cirrhosis?

Answer 10

Steatorrhea, ascites, and varices.

Question 11

What is the MNT for pancreatitis?

Answer 11

Acute: NPO, progress to low fat diet/easily digested foods, early EN (within 48 hrs).

Question 12

What is the MNT for chronic pancreatitis?

Answer 12

PO diet with pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) with all meals and snacks, and MCT oil.

Question 13

What is the MNT for spastic Cerebral Palsy?

Answer 13

High fiber/fluid, low calorie.

Question 14

What is the MNT for athetoid (non-spastic) Cerebral Palsy?

Answer 14

High calorie, high protein, finger foods.

Question 15

What is the MNT for galactosemia?

Answer 15

Galactose/lactose free diet, avoiding organ meats, dates, bell peppers, milk, whey/casein.

Question 16

What is the MNT for urea cycle deficits?

Answer 16

Protein restrictions and special formula to adjust protein composition.

Question 17

What is Phenylketonuria (PKU)?

Answer 17

An inherited disorder of protein metabolism leading to a toxic buildup of certain compounds.

Question 18

What is the dietary management for PKU?

Answer 18

Low phenylalanine diet, no aspartame, supplement tyrosine, high carbohydrate, low protein.

Question 19

What is glycogen storage disease?

Answer 19

A genetic disorder characterized by the inability to break down glycogen due to the lack of glucose 6-phosphatase.

Question 20

What is the MNT for glycogen storage disease?

Answer 20

Consistent supply of glucose (dextrose infusion), raw cornstarch at regular intervals, small meals to maintain blood glucose.

Question 21

What is Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)?

Answer 21

A genetic disorder characterized by the inability to metabolize branched-chain amino acids.

Question 22

What is the MNT for MSUD?

Answer 22

Restrict BCAAs, adequate calories from carbohydrates and fat, small amounts of milk/gelatin for growth.

Question 23

What is Addison’s disease and its MNT?

Answer 23

When adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol; MNT includes high protein, frequent feedings, high salt.

Question 24

What is Cushing’s disease and its MNT?

Answer 24

When adrenal glands produce too much cortisol; MNT includes low sodium for hypertension and blood glucose control.

Question 25

What is gout?

Answer 25

Build-up of blood uric acid when the body can't eliminate it on its own.

Question 26

What dietary modifications are recommended for gout?

Answer 26

Low purine diet, avoid shellfish, organ meats, and alcohol.

Question 27

What are osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

Answer 27

Osteoblasts build bone tissue, while osteoclasts crumble bone.

Question 28

What are the types of osteoporosis?

Answer 28

Type 1: post-menopause loss of estrogen; Type 2: age-associated, usually due to protein malnutrition.

Question 29

What is the MNT for pressure injuries?

Answer 29

30-40 kcal/kg; protein needs: stage 1 and 2: 1.25-1.5 g/kg, stage 3 and 4: 1.5-2 g/kg.

Question 30

What is the MNT for HIV/AIDS?

Answer 30

Lipid dystrophy, antiretroviral therapy, fat-modified diet, exercise, and protein 1.2-2 g/kg.

Question 31

What is the MNT for traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

Answer 31

Underfeeding (50-60% of REE) and high protein (1.5-2 g/kg); after stabilization, 25-30 kcal/kg.

Question 32

What is the MNT for burns?

Answer 32

First 24-48 hrs: restore fluids/electrolytes, then nutrition support may be required.

Question 33

What is the MNT for respiratory failure (ARDS)?

Answer 33

Intubation and ventilation: early enteral nutrition preferred within 24-48 hrs, 25-30 kcal/kg, protein 1.2-2 g/kg.

Question 34

What is the MNT for Cystic Fibrosis (CF)?

Answer 34

High calories and protein, pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) with all meals and snacks, supplement fat-soluble vitamins.