1
Q
fusiform dilatation of the anteromedial part of aortic isthmus, steep contour superiorly, gently merging with the proximal descending
A
ductus diverticulum
2
Q
SANT
A
US - hypoechoic
rim enhx
non con - hypoechoic
T1 hetero
T2 dark
splenomegaly
pancytopenia
3
Q
solitary and well-circumscribed splenic mass
benign vascular lesion
peripheral enhancing radiating lines
progressive central enhx
low on in phase, high on out phase (reverse drop)
A
sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen
4
Q
normal intelligence
bullet vertebra
short pedicles
canal stenosis
A
achondroplasia
5
Q
cubital tunnel syndrome
A
ulnar nerve entrapment
anomalous anconeus epitrochlearis muscle is a cause
6
Q
patchy nodular enhx in the basal septum and lateral LV
sub endocardial sparing
early or late enhx
A
cardiac sarcoidosis
involves LV and IV septum
early enhx = acute
late = chronic fibrosis
7
Q
deep voice
cysts in carpal bones
enlarged tufts
A
acromegaly
MRI pituitary pre and post contrast
look for adenoma
increase ap distance
heel pad thickness
posterior VB scalloping
compressed optic chiasm
8
Q
concentric thickening of LV with delayed hyper enhancement in the mid wall
A
fabry disease
9
Q
patient on renal dialysis
A
amyloid arthopathy
10
Q
whiskering of the ischial tuberosities
A
ank spond
11
Q
dilated pancreatic duct
bulging papilla
mucous secretions
A
main duct IPMN
12
Q
the cause of RVOT obstruction in TOF
A
infundibular stenosis
13
Q
physiological uptake in Ga-PSMA scan
A
kidney bladder
salivary glands
bowel
14
Q
bone islands
A
can have brush border appearance
15
Q
cervical cancer
A
obturator node
16
Q
upper 2/3 vagina
A
obturator node
17
Q
vulva drains to
A
inguinal and femoral nodes
18
Q
endometrial cancer
A
inguinal nodes make it M1
19
Q
chondrocalcinosis
sub chondral cysts
A
CPPD
hypothyroid
hyperparathyroid
20
Q
amelanotic melanoma
A
low T1 high T2
21
Q
contraindications to hydrostatic reduction
A
shock not correctable with fluids
perforation
peritonitis
22
Q
fibrosing mediastinitis
A
doesn’t affect aorta
mediastinal calcification
23
Q
misc causes of pericardial effusion
A
SLE
RA
AIDS
hypothyroid
24
Q
contraindication for liver biopsy
A
INR above 1.5
platelets <60,000
ascites
extra hepatic biliary dilatation
biliary infection
25
mesenteric mass
hetero calcification
tethering
negative ocreotide scan
retractile mesenteritis
26
most common primary pericardial malignancy
mesothelioma
27
peripheral nodular enhancement with centripetal filling
haemangioma
28
acute tubular necrosis confirmation
urine microscopy for renal tubular epithelial cells
29
horseshoe kidney associations
anything GU related
bicornuate uterus
anorectal malformation
undescnedng testes
double ureter
also cardiac anomaly
30
osteogenesis imperfecta
poor bone mineralisation
31
CBV and CBF mismatch
salvageable
32
failure to see pericardium on CT or MRI
is NOT diagnostic
often can't see it
33
malrotation
SMV to the left of SMA
34
paaresthesia worse by elevating the arm
compression of subclavian vessels
thoracic outlet syndrome
35
most common to herniate in bochdalek hernia
omentum
36
pericardium
not seen on frontal x-ray
seen as a fat pad sign dark rim on lateral
37
sub arachnoid FLAIR hyper intensity
Slow flow from vascular stenosis
38
extra lobar sequestration
has its own pleura
has associated anomalies
symptomatic earlier
39
to stop metformin for 48 hours post CT
is a clinical decision
40
pericardial mets
lung primary
41
central scar, delayed enhancement
FNH
42
NAI
BL occipital SDH
43
scheurmann
more than 3 continuous
end plate irregularity
schmorls nodes
thoracic and lumbar
44
anterior shoulder dislocation injuries
GLAD - labrum and cartilage (glenoid labrum and articular cartilage damage)
Perthes - peeled periosteum
bankart - anterior inferior labrum +/- bone, periosteum torn
ALPSA - labral torn and displaced medially, periosteum avulsed
anterior GPBA
45
diabetes insipidus
thickening and enhancement of the pit infundibulum
loss of posterior bright dot T1
histiocytosis X
46
chiari 2
displaced tonsils, 4th, brainstem
supra tensorial - dysgenesis of cc, hydrocephalus, absent CC
47
breast lesion with doppler flow centrally
malignant
48
long head of biceps on US
internal rotation
elbow flexed
palm up
49
dilated and patulous oesophagus
dilated small bowel loops and closely spaced together
distal tuft resorption
scleroderma
50
solid lung nodule follow up
<5 no FU
5-6 1 year FU CT
6-8 3 month FU CT
>8mm brock model - low risk 3 month FU, high risk PET CT
51
sub solid lung nodules FU
<5mm no FU
>5mm 3 month CT - stable - Brock - low FU, high biopsy
growth resection
52
stroke DWI ADC
low ADC - less than 1 week old
FLAIR bright after 6 hours
T2 bright 8 hours
low T1 16 hours
parenchymal enhancement stops at 12 weeks
53
UVC at T10
In the ductus venosus
54
lower zone lung cysts
renal lesions
pneumothorax
Burt hogg dube
55
most common neoplasm of valves
fibroelastomas
56
punctate peripheral calc
well defined
triple T2 signal pattern
slow growth
pressure erosion but not benign
synovial sarcoma
57
most common intususseption type
ileocolic
58
gastric and colonic polyps
watery diarrhoea
protein-losing enteropathy
nail atrophy
brownish skin pigmentation
alopecia
Cronkite canada
59
sub ligamentous spread
potts TB
60
rectal cancer nodes
peri rectal
then superficial inguinal
61
T2 bright and fatty atrophy of teres minor
quadrilateral space syndrome
axillary nerve compressed
62
Type 2 leaks
IMA or lumbar artery
63
epididymal cyst with low level internal echoes
spermatocele
64
breast lesions
T2 bright - fibroadenoma
rim enhx - malignant
centripetal - malignant
65
RF's for transient patella dislocation
patella alta
TT TG >20
66
Raised RI >3 days post liver transplant
deranged LFT
hepatic artery thrombus
supplies bile ducts - deranged LFTs
67
breast lesion
non enhancing internal septations
fibroadenoma
but 30% of breast cancers can look benign
any enhancing mass with fam hx needs biopsy
68
debakey
1 both (left subclavian divides ascending from descending)
2 ascending
3 descending
69
small bowel polyps
intususseption
obstruction
lips genitals palms soles - melanotic macules
peutz jehgers
70
medial knee dermatome
L3
knee L4
71
early cyanosis and heart failure
a/w coarctation VSD PDA PFO
hypoplastic left heart
72
wide mediastinum
truncus arteriosus (single common trunk of PA and aorta)
73
egg on string
TGA
emergency
74
beak sign
larger lumen
cobwebs
false lumen
75
outer wall calc
true lumen
76
liver biopsy
EH biliary dilatation - in this case trans jugular biopsy needed
ascites is not an absolute CI - as long as image guided
77
segmental arterial mediolysis
CT
SMA
renal arteries
intra abdominal bleeding
spontaneous intra-abdominal haemorrhage in patients aged 50 to 80.
78
haemochromatosis on MRI
dark on T1 and T2
liver spleen heart pancreas pituitary
darker on in phase
🩸 Key Differentiator
Primary haemochromatosis → hepatocellular iron deposition (liver only).
Secondary (transfusional) → reticuloendothelial iron deposition (liver + spleen dark).
79
T2 shoulder arthrogram with intra articular GAD
to look for extra articular fluid
won't see that on T1
bursal fluid or paralabral cysts
80
le fort 1
alveolar ridge
inferior wall of maxillary sinus
81
le fort 2
medial wall of orbits
82
biliary strictures
pSc
intra and extra hepatic
beading
increased risk CC (cholangiocarcinoma)
83
breast lesion
regresses post partum
lactating adenoma
84
tumoral calcinosis
peri articular masses
ulceration
exudate whitish fluid
85
spinal lesion with cap sign
extreme dark T2 rim
ependymoma
sub ependymomas - may not enhance or have odema, eccentrically located
86
DDH
US <1 yeay
AP XR >1 year
87
misc causes of acro-osteolysis
psoriatic
PVC
sarcoidosis
RA
reiters
pyknodysostosis
syringomyelia
88
kids vertebra plana
mets
tb
fracture
ewings
LCH EG - most common
89
drop mets
medulloblastoma
ependymoma
pineoblastoma
pineocytoma
PNET
glioma
germinoma
meningioma
90
TACE
cannot be done in late B or C
91
infraspinatus tendon
posterosuperior glenoid labrum
shoulder in ABER (abducted and externally rotated)
posterosuperior impingement
articular-sided tears of the posterior supraspinatus and anterior infraspinatus tendons (PSAI)
92
erlenmeyer flask deformity
diffuse medullar osteoporosis
bone infarcts
endosteal lytic lesions
HS megaly
gauchers
93
Desmond tumour
FAP
gardner syndrome
94
uterine fibroid embolisation
high T1 fibroid - highly vascular and red degenerated - poorer response
post UFE - gets T2 brighter, less enhx, lower volume
immediately post procedure it gets T1 bright (blood?)
95
RFs for gallbladder cancer
IBD
96
ganglion impar
located on anterior surface of sacrococcygeal joint
97
foramen magnum SAH
PICA aneurysm
98
single limb
port wine stain
extremity overgrowth of single limb
varicose veins laterally
klippel trenaynay syndrome
99
ovarian dysfunction post UAE
women over 45
100
TACE for HCC contraindications
Child Pugh C or higher (too far gone)
jaundice
encephalopathy
refractory ascites
massive tumour both lobes
severe reduced PV flow
egfr <30
relative
tumour too big
comorbidities
untreated varies (risk of bleeding)
biliary obstruction
101
renal TB
TB pyonephrosis (putty kidney)
small kidney
amorphous calc
moth eaten calyx
infundibular stenosis
distal ureter calc
RARE TO HAVE BLADDER CALC IN TB
75% of the time only 1 kidney is involved
102
superscan
diffuse mets
myelofibrosis
aplastic anaemia
leukaemia
widespread pagers
renal osteodystrophy
osteomalacia
hypothyroid
hyperparathyroid
103
ring enhancing lesion in brainstem
indents the 4th ventricle posteriorly
brainstem glioma
104
Child
Rash
HS megaly
LNs
pericarditis
expansion of bones around the knee
CMC arthritis
still disease
polyarticular juvenile RA
105
haemangioblastoma vs PCA
HB - no calc, enhancing nodule with angiographic contrast blush
PCA - larger, calcify, larger nodule, thick walled, no blush, cyst wall enhancing
106
sellar masses
intra sellar - rathke cleft cyst
supra sellar - craniopharyngioma, calc, heterogeneous,
107
contra indication to TIPS
severe CHF
tricuspid regurgitation
multiple liver cysts
sepsis
biliary obstruction
pulmonary HTN
these increase venous return and make the issues worse
108
T4 disease in rectal cancer
peritoneal or pelvic organ involvement - can be seen on CT
includes bone ureters urethra
109
retrocaval ureter
medial deviation at L3 L4
110
mulberry like vascular malformation
dark rim
cavernous angioma/cavernous malformation
111
most common paeds brain tumour
astrocytoma
112
APCKD
can cause liver cysts leading to portal HTN, pseudo Budd chiari and ascites
intracranial aneurysms are associated
113
wrist arthrogram
contrast extends lateral to the lunate into mid carpal joint
scapholunate ligament tear
114
worsening LFTs
normal MRCP
periampullary lesion
1) ERCP
2) EUS if fails
115
cystic lesion overlying the thyroid cartilage lamina
infra hyoid thyroglossal duct cyst
116
tortuous vessel lesion in stomach
submucosal
massive GI bleed
located along lesser curvature
dieulafoy lesion
CTA best to investigate
117
define AKI
>25% above baseline
or
0.5mg/dL
118
reasons to do a skeletal survey
LCH/EG
MM
skeletal dysplasia
NAI
119
bengin renal cyst
>70 HU non con
hyperdense cyst
has to be less than 3cm
if it's >3cm and hyperdense it's suspicious
120
liver adenoma mx
coil embolisation if ruptured
RFA pre rupture
gel foam for temporary occlusion
121
cystic lesions in the liver (caroli)
calc in the renal medulla
medullary sponge kidney
122
most common cause of MG
thymic hyperplasia - enlarged but smooth thymus
thymoma in 15% of MG - cystic spaces and calc
123
inverted V subglottic trachea
croup/acute laryngotracheobronchitis
124
things that don't stop renal donation
pelvicalyceal duplication - donate the other
single renal cyst
mild reflux one side
one scar
125
left sided IVC drains into
left renal vein
126
zonal fibrosis
UZ - ank spond, sis
LZ - asbestosis sinks
127
neurocysticercosis
VCGN
V - thin walled cyst with scolex
C - thick walled T1 bright cyst, surrounding odema and enhx
G - more odema thicker wall
N - dark nodules, no odema or enhx
128
crohns CT enterography
use negative oral contrast like water so you can see enhancing mucosa clearly
129
epileptogenic brain lesion with a bright rim on FLAIR
DNET
130
CT head in skeletal survey if the child is
<1
131
NAI
all need FU skeletal survey in 11 to 14 days even if the first was normal
132
double PCL sign
bucket handle
133
sub ungal tumour
glomus, T2 bright, avid enhx
previous trauma = epidermal inclusion cyst
134
thymoma
can be benign or infiltrative and metastasising with lung mets
135
HNPCC
tumours of the renal pelvis, ovaries and small bowel
136
erlenmeyer flask deformity
thallassemia
137
haemophilia
enlarged epiphysis
138
posteromedial tibial physis
Blount disease
139
mouth and genital ulcers
behcet
pulmonary artery aneurysm and LL DVT
140
alzheimers on PET
precuneus
posterior cingulate
BL temporoparietal lobes
141
milwaukee
loose bodies
subacromial abutment of humeral head
large sub chondral cysts
sub chondral collapse
deformed humeral head
142
MR enterography
oral contrast
easier for patient
143
MR enteroclysis
contrast via NJ tube
more invasive and difficult
uniform distension
better for mucosal irregularity
needs intubation
144
bladder papillary tumour
bright on T1
recurrent tumour enhances earlier than post biopsy changes
T2b still bladder wall
T3 extra vesical invasion
T4 prostate uterus vagina
145
primary vs secondary hyperPTH
secondary has osteosclerosis (rugger jersey spine) from chronic renal failure
146
thalassaemia major
spares the occipital bones (lower bone marrow content)
147
bone marrow transplant
cough and fever
micronodules
gg and consolidation
CMV (most common infection post transplant)
DD is PCP - apical with cysts
148
prostate zonal anatomy
T2
peripheral zone brighter
149
BPH changes
transitional zone gets heterogeneous
150
prostate volume
MRI
151
DDH
centre edge angle of hip <20 (shallow acetabulum)
152
MSA C
cerebellar symptoms
hot cross bun pons
atrophy of middle peduncles and cerebellum
153
MSA P
dark putamen on T2/GRE
putaminal atrophy
154
causes of HPOA
lung cancer - scc
fibroma
lymphoma
abscess
bronchiectasis
mets
mesothelioma
155
causes of neuropathic osteoarthropathy
central
- ms
- spinal cord tumour
- syringomyelia
peripheral
- diabetes
- nerve injury
- leprosy
- poliomyelitis
156
tree in bud
tumour emboli to centrilobular arteries - breast and stomach
TB
ABPA
CF
157
GI melanoma
small bowel most common
large bowel rare
liver mets +/- calc
158
painless soft tissue mass
periosteal reaction or cortical erosion
iso to muscle on T1
hetero - necrosis
MFH/PUS (old age)
rhabdomyosarcoma (younger, H+N, GI, extremity)
159
renal stones
1cm pass
160
comet tail sign
means it's a phlebolith
collapsed vein
161
fatigue fracture
abnormal or excessive stress on a normal bone
162
downs kid with SOBOE, cardiomegaly, pulmonary plethora
ostium primum ASD
associated with recurrent chest infection
secundum presents in older age
163
radiation induced tumours
1) PUS
2) osteosarcoma
164
leukaemia recurrence in children
testes
165
testicular mets
prostate and lung
166
first finding in chronic liver disease
nodular contour
167
associations of testicular microlithiasis
downs
klinefelters
cryptorchidism
infertility
alveolar microlithiasis
testicular carcinoma
168
CJD
reactivation of JC virus
rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, death
no enhx
raised DWI in grey matter of cerebrum, striatum and thalamus
pulvinar sign
hockey stick sign
cortical ribboning
signal also bright on ADC T2 and FLAIR
169
lymphoma vs toxoplasmosis
Lymphoma
single lesion
subependymal spread
hyperdense
solid enhancement
no haemorrhage before treatment
thallium SPECT positive
DWI: restricted diffusion
MRS: increased choline
MR perfusion: increased rCBV
++ oedema
Toxoplasmosis
multiple lesions
basal ganglia and corticomedullary junction
ring or nodular enhancement
peripheral haemorrhage
thallium SPECT negative
DWI: facilitated diffusion
MRS: decreased choline (Cho)
MR perfusion: decreased rCBV
170
castleman disease
B cell lymphoproliferative condition
unicentric/multicentric
old people
HIV risk factor
mediastinal and hilar LN
centrilobular nodules
abdominal LNs
HSmegaly
ascites
avidly enhancing
unicentric is in younger people, isolated mediastinal or abdominal mass
171
CHF
abdominal pain can be caused by CHF
early enhancement of IVC and central HV's
poor enhx peripherally
peri vascular odema
ascites and hepatomegaly
172
thickened and enhancing optic nerve
glioma
NF1
aqueduct stenosis - hydrocephalus
moya moya
CNS hamartomas T2 bright
meningioma is ring enhancing in cross section NF2
optic neuritis is swollen and T2 bright and enhancing but not not as enlarged as a glioma
TS - optic nerve hamartoma
173
travel
lung mediastinal and hilar LNs
popcorn calc
Histoplasmosis
North America
histoplasmoma: well-defined nodules which have a central calcification giving them a "target lesion"
174
UCL appear lax poorly defined and irregular
chronic UCL injury
medial elbow
175
lisch nodules and skeletal dysplasia
NF1
176
pineal lesions
pineocytoma
small (<3cm)
avid homogeneous enhx
early arterial nodular wall enhancement
pineoblastoma
large lobular hyper attenuating
100% have HC
hetero pre and post con - necrosis
177
liver nodules
regenerative - benign
dysplastic/neoplastic are premalignant
MRI better
178
hyperPTH
dramatic widening of SI joints
179
plasmacytoma
accumulation of plasma cells
transform into MM
FDG avid
uptake correlates to malignant transformation risk
variable uptake on bone scan - no point
skeletal survey instead
expansile lytic lesion with thinning of the cortex
180
ank spond
SI joints before spine
thinning - erosions (inferiorly first) - sclerosis - fusion
spine - syndesmophytes and then bamboo spine
posterior ligaments ossification - dagger spine
facet joint fusion
181
fat halo sign
more common in UC
182
high T2 fluid IN THE SUBSTANCE of the labrum
High signal (fluid on T2WI or arthrographic contrast on T1WI) is seen extending into the superior labrum, and tracking into the labrum, without frank detachment from the glenoid.
SLAP
183
avulsed and medially displaced labrum
ALPSA
184
well-circumscribed, lobulated mass
Marked T2 hyperintensity (due to high mucin/water content).
benign-appearing kinetics, often a Type I curve (slow, progressive enhancement).
Clinical Implication:
Its imaging features (well-circumscribed margins, T2 hyperintensity, Type I curve) can mimic benign lesions (e.g., fibroadenoma, cyst)
mucinous breast cancer
185
prolonged neutropenia
nodule with GG
halo sign
air crescent sign
Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis
186
central cord hyperintensity spanning multiple segments and serpiginous flow voids on the dorsal pial surface
progressive myelopathy
spinal dural AVF
187
chondrosarcoma
off midline compared to chordoma
188
pancreatitis
portal HTN
SWI in spleen
gamma gandy bodies
sideritic nodules
189
Targetoid Diffusion Restriction
Targetoid appearance on the hepatobiliary phase (peripheral uptake with central non-uptake).
intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
190
vocal cord palsy
recurrent laryngeal nerve in the chest
or vagus nerve in the neck
191
homonymous hemianopia
PCA infarct
192
MS most specific single lesion
middle cerebellar peduncle
193
raised Hb and haematocrit
more RBC's aka polycythaemia
194
brain tumour with raised haematocrit
haemangioblastoma
produces EPO which makes RBC's
195
prolonged febrile convulsions in childhood
mesial temporal sclerosis
196
adult with pulmonary plethora
ASD
more blood into the lungs
VSD a cause but more common in kids
197
DIP
now called alveolar macrophage pnuemonia
related to smoking, RA, scleroderma
bilateral and symmetric
basal and peripheral
198
bilateral central consolidation with a basal
predominance
patchy ground glass
associated smooth septal thickening with no lymphadenopathy, cardiomegaly or pleural effusions.
What is the most likely diagnosis
PAP
199
scimitar drains to
IVC BELOW the diaphragm
200
20 day premature kid
mild cardiomegaly and perihilar lung opacification
RDS would resolve by now
PDA common - still open as premature
pulmonary odema - PDA
201
most common cause of a chylous effusion in newborn
congenital
trisomy 21
202
septic arthritis in sickle cell
salmonella
203
?HPOA
CXR first
204
leg bowing in kids
normal and common
resolves by age 4
normal calcium and ALP excludes rickets
205
location for Ewings
femur
pelvis
UL
206
infiltrative HCC
minimal arterial enhancement
iso or hypo on arterial phase
hard to tell from cirrhosis
hypointense on HPB phase
reticular appearance
207
liver biopsy
platelet not accurate measure of clotting
INR <2.0 fine for percutaneous biopsy
208
spina bifida associated with
oesophageal duplication cysts - posterior mediastinum
air fluid levels
bronchogenic cyst - middle mediastinum
209
hypovascular liver mets
colon
lung
breast
(hollow lung colon and breast)
210
post lung transplant
reperfusion after 24 hours and <1 week
acute rejection after 1 week
211
cryptorchidism
increased risk of germ cell tumours
seminoma + YCET
not sertoli or leading
212
Zimbabwe
BL GG
PCP
assume immunocompromised
213
lung nodules
ill defined
can calcify
varicella
214
cortical rim sign
chronic hydronephrosis
215
greater trochanter
Morelle Lavelle
fluid fluid level
216
thin walled
abscess
217
congenital hypothyroid casues
1) thyroid dysgenesis - abnormal development
2) thyroid dyshormonogenesis
218
plain film in intussuseption
is not done to exclude perf before
219
De quervain
APL EPB
220
churg strauss
peripheral lobular consolidation
centrilobular nodules
221
pie in the sky
high bladder due to pelvic blood
222
cardiac concussion
normal cardiac enzymes
223
prostate cancer
low citrate
high choline/creatine
224
hepatic AML
fatty areas are vascular and enhance early
225
prostate cancer
low on T2
226
cavitating lung lesion
squamous cell
227
anterior spinal cord
owl sign
ischaemic myelopathy
228
post prostate biopsy blood
T1 up
T2 down
229
splaying of carotids
carotid body paraganglioma
230
osteochondromas and enchondromas
Metachondromatosis
231
lung infarct from PE
appears after 3-5 days, clears 3 weeks
fat embolism appears 24-48 hours
232
MSK manifestations of sarcoidosis
lacy like lesions in hand phalanges
polyarthralgia (joint pain)
tenosynovitis
bone lesions, T1 iso, T2 hyper
dactylics
joint spaces preserved
233
juvenile dermatomyositis
inflamed small vessels of skin muscles and GI
85% of paeds inflammatory myopathy
Gottron papule
heliotrope eyelid
234
causes of bronchiectasis
Primary ciliary dyskinesia
CF
recurrent infection
IgA def
235
HEH
low grade malignancy
alternating high low t2 rings
rim enhx
multi focal nodules
236
peutz jehgers
cervical adenoma malignum
237
venous angiomas
aka DVA
multiple veins draining into a large vein
can be normal
aw cavernomas
spoke wheel
no feeding arteries, large draining vein
238
kids ovarian tumours
dermoid most common
Ca-125 raised in epithelial tumours
AFP raised in germ cell tumours (yolk, embryonal, teratoma)
239
FNH
scar enhances maximally in the delayed phase
pseudo capsule doesn't enhance
iso to liver in PV phase
240
HHT
Brain infarcts and abscesses from lung AVMs
241
bronchial atresia
apicoposterior segment of LUL
mild symptoms
high density lines - mucocele impaction
242
most common malignant germ cell tumour
dysgerminoma
243
MAG3 used for
perfusion
function
drainage
RAS - MAG3, ACE- I, repeat MAG3 in 1 hour
244
MAG3 for RAS
high probability of RAS
unilateral retention of MAG3
curve deteriorates after you give ACE inhibitor
prolonged time to peak (takes longer to perfuse)
split function is 10% worse in RAS
giving ACE inhibitor makes the RAS worse
245
c section scar dehiscence
MRI
246
ACL
lateral tib fib bruise
deep lateral femoral sulcus
posterior horn of lateral meniscus uncovered
PCL bowing <105 degrees
247
biliary hamartomas
aw PCKD
benign small multiple
low t1 high t2
rim might enhx
248
uterine dehiscence
involves endometrium and myometrium
serosa is intact
249
retroperitoneal sarcoma
liposarcoma most common
leiomyosarcoma most common to have necrosis
250
mazabraud
soft tissue myxomas
251
port wine stain
sturge weber
pial angioma - leptomeningeal enhx
252
most common pancreatic cystic lesion
side branch IPMN
253
brain myelination
T1 <1
T2 1-2 years
254
sternal osteomyelitis
secondary way more common than primary (AIDS immuncomp IVDU)
anterior dislocation also more common
255
causes of toxic megacolon
crohns ischaemic neutropenic colitis
hypothyroid
256
MAC
bronchiectasis in RML and lingual
lady windermere
upper sparing
257
NSIP
scleroderma
RA
Hashimoto
GVHD
258
neurosyphilis
seen in AIDS
causes arteritis and infarcts
259
MSSA vs MRSA
MSSA more likely to have - centrilobular nodules, tree in bud and bronchial wall thickening (worse on imaging but more responsive to abx)
MRSA - more likely to have pleural effusion
LNs same in both
260
HN malignancy
parotid - mucoepidermoid
salivary - adenoids cystic - perineurial spread
malignant? T2 dark in parotid
261
pleomorphic adenoma
more common than warthin
lobulated and homogeneous
calc
very T2 bright
restricts - higher ADC from myxoid stroma
thick capsule
pure pale and persistent
carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
excise
warthins
smokers but benign
heterogeneous
no calc
early strong enhx
restricts
warthin wet warm and fast (cyst vascular and washout)
262
misc causes of HPOA
UC
crohns
whipples
cirrhosis
liver abscess
PBC
gastric ca
pancreas ca
asbestosis but not pleural plaques
263
causes of pneumatosis
COPD
asthma
steroids
chemo
scleroderma
SLE
dermatomyositis
264
tuberous sclerosis
sclerotic bone lesions
265
cold nodule in the neck on Tc99M
malignant needs biopsy
hot nodules are good
266
BE
upper lobe
sarcoidosis
TB
middle lobe
ARDS
MAC
lower
PF
aspiration
A1 AT
kartagener
central
munir Kuhn
William campbell
267
William campbell
Cartilage deficiency in sub‐segmental bronchi (4th‑6th order) → distal airway collapse and bronchiectasis
normal trachea and main bronchi
268
retinoblastoma
MRI for imaging
can be extensive and involve optic nerve and extend intracranially
expands the optic canal
269
didelphyis
complete duplication uterus cervix and vagina
>1cm apart
bicornuate can have 1 or 2 cervix
270
fibula stress fractures
happen distally
271
tibia
posterior the compressive side
anterior has non union
272
pancreatic pseudocysts
fibrous capsules
enzymes digest fat
granulation tissue surrounding
273
fetal MRI
1.5T
3T has too much artefact
274
posterior mediastinal neurogenic tumours
neuroblastoma <5
ganglioneuroma >10
275
hyaline membrane disease
AKA RDS
uniform opacity consolidations
Diffuse reticulogranular (ground-glass) opacities
Air bronchograms
never has pleural effusion
decreased lung volume
276
fat ring sign
epipolic appendagitis
277
anterior inferior VB beak
hunter hurler
278
blunt liver trauma
follow up high grade injuries with CT
lacerations can be jagged
279
findings in RA
lateral clavicle resorption
SUPERIOR rib notching
280
invasive pulmonary aspergillosis
does not have bronchiectasis
it has sequestra of fragments that break off and create air fluid level
281
duplication cysts most commonly in the
ileum
282
pulmonary AVM
feeding artery greater than 2-3mm should have embolisation to minimise risk of stroke
283
reduce prosthetic artefact
align prosthesis parallel to magnetic field
284
premature closure of growth plate
hyper vitamin A
285
CMT
hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy
cavo varus deformity of foot
fractures of 5th MT
weakness and sensation
normal calcaneal pitch angle (elevated in idiopathic per cavus)
286
bladder MRI
cannot differentiate between urothelial mucosa and lamina propria
287
IBD
calcium oxalate stones
retarded growth
delayed sexual maturation
fatty liver
gallstones
single joint arthropathy
288
intervertebral disc calcification
ochronosis and alkaptonuria
amyloid
poliomyelitis
289
risk factors for cholangiocarcinomas
-all with chronic biliary inflammation
alcohol cirrhosis IBD and diabetes
NOT hepatitis as this is liver inflammation not biliary
290
posteromedial corner of the knee
SM tendon
OPL oblique popliteal ligament
POL posterior oblique ligament
posteromedial capsule
posterior medial meniscus
291
laryngocele
increased risk of laryngeal cancer
292
gastric varices
splenic vein occlusion or SMV occlusion
gastric varies - more severe bleed
oesophageal varices - more common bleed
293
ovarian serous and mucinous
serous - single
mucinous - massive, multilocular - high T1 low T2
294
opportunistic infections
PCP
CMV
HSV pneumonia
RSV
295
organo axial volvulus
rotates around line from cardia to pylorus
organo creates mirror image
mesentero is upside down
296
teratomas
immature - solid and fatty
mature - cystic with dense calc
297
tumour markers
dysgerminoma - raised HCG
endodermal sinus tumours - AFP
298
cause of necrotising pneumonia
staph aureus
299
use of fetal MRI
brain and spine
oligohydramnios - not enough fluid for US
face/neck masses
lung CCAM
300
gastric cancer
T1 mucosa
T2 serosa
T3 penetrates serosa
N1 < 3cm distance
N2 > 3cm away
301
symptoms of menorrhagia
infertile
endometrial hyperplasia
diabetes
obesity
HTN
CVD
irregular periods
302
vertebral fractures
gradual return to normal fatty marrow from outside to in
303
diffuse pulmonary haemorrhage
1) goodpastures - with renal failure
also in SLE
304
pulmonary drug toxicity
cyclophosphamide and busulfan are most common to cause lung injury
shows DAD
carmustine - higher dose worse injury
305
bleomycin
DAD
worse with oxygen
306
most common finding in RA
pleural thickening
pl effs are unilateral +/- loculation
pericarditis
basal fibrosis
increased ca risk
COP also possible
307
features of COP
Migratory infiltrates + peripheral consolidations + reverse halo sign
308
orbital rhabdomyosarcoma
no calcification unless post treatment
309
haemagnioma
capillary - kids, rapid enhx
cavernous - adults, peripheral enhx slowly, t1 iso, t2 hyper, no flow voids, delayed venous filling
310
HSP
small vessel vasculitis
enlarged echogenic kidneys
scrotal wall thickening
hydroceles
spermatic cord/epididymal inflammation
311
echogenic kidneys
amyloid
sickle cell
CKD
HIV
HSP
312
joint prosthesis
cemented - can have uptake around it for 2 years. after that it means loosening or infection but bone scan is very poor sensitivity and specificity. correlate clinically
cementless will have uptake all the time - due to bone ingrowth
313
bone scan hip pain
transient synovitis - initially reduced uptake then increases later on
314
copper toxicity
HS megaly
echogenic liver
ascites
315
spinal cord ultrasound
not needed if
simple
blind ending
no hair or skin changes
normal neurology
no skin discharge
316
misc causes of crazy paving
lipoid pneumonia
pcp
bac
nsip
cop
ards
wegners
churg strauss
goodpastures
317
low signal lesion with central branching hyperintensity
cystitis glandularis
the central T2 bright enhances - vascular stalk
318
bladder lesion
low t2 central
peripheral enhx
inflammatory pseudo tumour of bladder
319
osteosarcoma
no biopsy with specialist orthopaedic input
pathological fracture = ward admission for rv
320
carneys triad
pulmonary chondromas
gastric GIST (LUQ, inseparable from stomach)
multiple extra adrenal neuroblastoma
321
fetal lungs
get more echogenic as the pregnancy progresses (think more parenchyma develops)
airways are T2 bright (contain fluid) and get brighter as progresses -more alveolar fluid made
meconium t1 bright T2 dark
secondary pulmonary hypoplasia
- from hernia or severe oligohydramnios (prom or renal abnormality)
322
pregnant
recurrent PE
pleural effusion
pericarditis
epilepsy
SLE
related to antiphospholipid syndrome
they have seizures and recurrent VTE
stroke, budd chiari, VST, PE, bowel ischaemia
323
bladder contusion
blood at urethral meatus but no extravasation
324
homocystinuria
thromboembolic events
325
CN involved in TB meningitis
2 3 4 7
326
Paeds CT head in 1 hour
any one of:
on ax, GCS <14 or <15 if under 1
<15 at 2 hours post injury
post traumatic seizure
open/depressed/skull base #
any 2 of
drowsy, LOC, 3x vomit, dangerous mechanism, amnesia >5 mins ante or retrograde
327
Paeds C spine
MRI
- spinal cord injury
- neurology
CT
- if GCS <13 - can't clear the c spine clinically
mechanism doesn't influence need for CT
328
cam deformity
alpha >55
329
protrusion acetabuli
PROM
pagets
RA
osteomalacia
marfans
330
aspergilloma
air crescent
331
pancoast tumour
rib destruction
332
sheet like pleural calcification
TB
333
hypoechoic liver lesion with enhancing walls and septations
biliary cystadenoma / mucinous cystic neoplasm
no communication with the bile ducts
benign
women
right lobe
334
CEUS with microgranules
liver and spleen retains the granules on delayed phase
335
sphenoid mucocele
actually widens the optic canal
336
TCC
hyperenhances
hydronephrosis means muscle invasion
337
second branchial cleft cyst
has a beak between the internal and external carotid arteries
338
hook of hamate fracture
sudden pain
guyon canal narrow
vascular compromise and NV
ulnar nerve compressed
needs MRI for 100% sensitivity
4th and 5th finger paraesthesia
339
anterior sacral meningocele
associated with marfans and NF1
340
benign sacro coccygeal teratoma
and rectal duplication cysts
low t1 high t2 in cystic areas
341
foramen ovale
CN5 motor portion
fatty atrophy of pterygoid muscles
muscles of mastication
342
structure that limits ascent of horseshoe kidney
IMA
343
sestamibi uptake and uses
thyroid
parathyroid
cardiac muscle
use for myocardial perfusion scintigraphy
344
normal distribution of Tc99m
thyroid
stomach
colon
bladder
testes
345
PMF
think of it as active fibroblast proliferation
active inflammatory cells - rim enhancement seen
INCREASED uptake on PET due to this, so can't differentiate from cancer using PET
differentiate - appears stable over time in size and morphology, cancer grows
346
foramen ovale
supplies V3 muscles of mastication
347
MRI misc
can stimulate muscles and nerves
non ferromagnetic implants can still heat
348
most common cause of non stenotic ulcers in the bowel
yersinia
fever, RIF pain, diarrhoea
terminal ileitis
mesenteric lymphadenitis
pseudo appendicitis
reactive arthritis
TB lymphoma and crohns also cause ulcers
349
alveolar microlithiasis
normal serum calcium and phosphate
INTENSE uptake on bone scintigraphy - calcium phosphate is the exact target for Tc99m
the symptoms are not proportional to the imaging findings
350
physeal stress injury
physeal wide and irregular and fragmented
high signal extend into the metaphyses (unmineralised cartilage - bright on T2 STIR and GRE)
low T1 bone signal adjacent to the physis
eventually leads to bone bridging
cartilage injury not a feature
351
cholesteatoma
primary acquired occur behind an intact tympanic membrane
pars flaccida - upper 1/3
pars tensa - defect in lower 2/3
congenital - from embryonic epithelial rests, anywhere in the temporal bone
352
acquired cholesteatoma
intact tympanic membrane. Eustachian tube dysfunction → chronic negative middle ear pressure → retraction pocket in pars flaccida
Implantation of squamous epithelium from trauma, surgery, or perforation of the tympanic membrane
Congenital - embryonic epithelial cell rests
353
Todani classification
1a - entire EHD
1b - focal EHD
1c - CBD only
2 - diverticulum
3 - choledochocele (protrudes into duodenum)
4 - intra and extra hepatic
5 - intra hepatic only (Caroli)
354
SOF syndrome
fracture extends to SOF
CN 3456 affected
ophthalmoplegia, ptosis and diplopia
355
orbital apex syndrome
one sided vision loss CN2 trapped
356
currarino triad
pre sacral mass
anorectal malformation
sacrococcygeal bony defect
mass can be
teratoma
meningocele
dermoid
hamartoma
duplication cyst
357
abdominal manifestations of GVHD
within 100 days
GI mucosal ulcers
vasa recta engorgement
mesenteric fat stranding
SB strictures (chronic)
bowel wall thickening
mucosal hyper enhx
GB distended
periportal odema
358
benign mesothelioma on MRI
aka solitary fibrous tumour of the pleura
not associated with asbestos
HPOA, clubbing and EPSIODIC HYPOGLYCAEMIA
low T1 low T2 (FIBROUS) avid enhx due to intense vascularity. T2 bright areas if necrosis
undergoes malignant degeneration
surgical resection
359
sinuses
ager nasi - anterior - but posterior and lateral to the frontal sinus
haller cells floor of ethmoid
onodi back. aka sphenoethmoidal. supero lateral to the sphenoid sinus - close to optic nerve and ICA. when they try to enter the sphenoid sinus from the posterior wall of the Onodi it can damage these structures
360
constrictive pericarditis
surgery
idiopathic
coksackie B
TB
uraemia
pericardial thickening, calc, pl eff, dilated veins
flattening of RV, curvature of IVS to the left, more blood in veins shifts septum to left, causes septal bounce
361
focal radiolucencies around prosthesis with smooth endosteal scalloping
hsitiocytic response
362
stress sheilding
local bone demineralisation due to the alleviation of normal weight-bearing stresses after hip arthroplasty.
This is more common in non-cemented arthroplasties
increased risk peri prosthetic fracture
363
periosteal reaction misc causes
syphylis
hypervitaminosis A
prostaglandins
cortical hyperostosis
OM
leukaemia
364
adamantinoma
tibial diaphysis
well-circumscribed, expansile and multiloculated with a thin sclerotic rim
365
features of malignant lung nodule
solid or GG components
enhances more than 15HU
366
mastocytosis
peptic ulcer disease
diffuse small bowel thickening
omental and mesenteric thickening
hepatosplenomegaly
ascites
lymphadenopathy
pulmonary nodules
367
crohns
small bowel adenocarcinoma (intraluminal) and lymphoma (extraluminal with LNs)
368
papilloma
sub areolar dilated duct
blood/serous discharge
has a vascular stalk on US
ductal ectasia - non bloody discharge
369
GIST
KIT +ve
treat with tyrosine kinase inhibitors
met to liver and peritoneum
no LNs
malignant if >5cm
370
wegners
destroys the hard palate and nasal septum, extends into orbits, cribriform plate intracranially too
involves the pre-maxillary soft tissues, retro astral fat, pterygopalatine fossa, infratemporal fossa, orbits - appears similar to sarcoid
371
medulloblastoma
drop mets are common
372
MIBG
adrenal medullary disorders
adrenal disease - biochemistry first
18FDG PET can differentiate adenomas and mets
373
myeloma defining criteria
2 or more lesions on MRI
1 or more lesion on XR/CT
>60% plasma cells
hypercalcaemia
renal insufficiency
anaemia
374
hashimotos thyroiditis
painless enlargement
hypothyroid
anti TPO
coarse
hypoechoic
hypervascular
375
de quervains thyroiditis
post viral
self limiting
decreased echogenicity and vascularity of affected areas
raised T3 T4
376
CTEPH
VQ is first line
often missed on CTPA
377
thyroid ophthalmopathy
dilated SOV due to compression at the orbital apex
378
liposarcoma
most common after PUS
low T1 high T2
379
alexander
front
X linked behind. involves splenium of C
380
brenner
benign
associated with adjacent epithelial tumour of the same ovary (mucinous cystadenoma) / can be contralateral
85% calcify
mild/mod enhancement
381
toddlers fractures
stress fractures of the lower limb
distal tibia most common
fib
calcaneus
base of cuboid
talus
382
gaucher
diffuse medullary osteoporosis
bone infarcts
sharp endosteal lytic lesions
383
general pleural thickening with calc
severe volume loss
spares the mediastinum
fibrothorax
384
DISH enthesophytes
calcaneum
olecranon
patella
385
granulomatous prostatitis
firm nodule
raised PSA
causes intravesical bcg, tb, turp
386
causes of bone in bone
pagets
gaucher
sickle cell
thallasemia
hypervitamin D
scurvy
rickets
387
intracranial hypotension
dilated dural veins
pachymeningeal enhx
enlarged pituitary
reduced mamillopontine angle
388
types of dural leak
epidural fluid
wet leak
dural tear or lateral leak (type 1 and 2)
dry leak
csf fistula type 3
distal nerve sleeve leak type 4
389
hypoglycaemia
hyponatremia
failed ACTH stimulation
Addisons - no cortisol since cortex is destroyed
cortisol would rise in secondary insufficiency
primary AI - adrenal haemorrhage, TB sarcoid mets CAH ALD
acute - bl adrenal haemtomas
sub acute both enlarged and necrotic
chronic small atrophied and calcified
390
aggressive
rapid growth
proptosis
extraconal well defined
homogeneous
rhabdomyosarcoma
T1 iso T2 hyper
391
T2 bright occipital parietal and splenium of cc
x linked
Alexander front
caravan diffuse WM
392
long standing IUCD
actonomycosis
can spread into psoas
393
CI to lung biopsy
FEV1 <35%
previous contralateral pneumonectomy (whole lung)
so no other lung to compensate
394
paraovarian cysts
stable in size
395
post pregnancy
BL foot drop
BL common peroneal nerve entrapment
goes around fibular head
396
associations of dandy walker malformation
CC agenesis
grey matter heterotopia
schizencephaly
occipital encephaocele
397
rickets
associated with SCFE
398
left to right shunts
all have pulmonary plethora but not cyanosis
ASD VSD PDA
399
vertebral haemangioma
T1 bright (lipid rich) - Low is atypical lipid poor
T2 bright (fluid)
STIR variable
400
retroperitoneum
2nd and 3rd part duodenum
401
liver cirrhosis
caudate hypertrophy
raised RI hepatic artery
402
blunt trauma
upper oesophageal perf
right sided hydrothorax
403
sore throat
joint pain
cardiac failure
rh fever
pancarditis
valve insufficiency
strep phayrngitis
404
basal ganglia calc
hypoPTH
pseudohypoPTH
AIDS
Fairs
PKAN
hypothyroid
hyperparathyroid
405
wilson
atrophy in the basal ganglia
406
GCT
Sacrum
extends across SI
invades IV discs
no sclerotic rim
increased uptake low t1 t2
fl fl levels
doughnut sign on bone scan = ABC (outer uptake)
intense septal enhx abc
407
looser zones
osteomalacia
incomplete fractures
408
h pylori
gastritis and ulcers
409
rhombencephalosynapsis
no vermis
410
vertebroplasty
cannot be done if there are more than 5 mets
411
fibroid degeneration
hyaline degeneration- necrosis. replaced with proteinaceous material. hyaline very dense. T1 iso T2 hypo. no enhancement. hyaline hard.
myxoid degenerative-gelatinous. low T1. very high T2
cystic degeneration- fluid signal
red degen aka caerneous - severe pain and fever. pregnancy. high T1 low T2. thrombus of vessel leading to it.
412
adenomyosis
linear streaks extending into myometrium
413
air embolism
place in left decubitus and aspirate from RA
414
lung cancer
peripheral mets
415
gallstones in kids
sickle
crohns
malabsorption
thalassemia major
TPN
CF
416
dissection post angioplasty
normal
pressure gradient
less than 10mmHg
417
le fort 1
pterygoid
maxilla
nasal septum
2 aka pyramidal
PP
medial and inferior orbit
3
lateral wall orbit
418
sprengel deformity
fused VBs
klippel feil
associated with chiari 1
also associated with craniosynostosis, hydrocephalus, syrinx and a tethered cord.
419
basilar invagination
Paget disease
Fibrous dysplasia
Rheumatoid arthritis, rickets
Osteogenesis imperfecta, osteomalacia
Achondroplaisa
Chiari I/II, cleidocranial dysostosis
Hyperparathyroidism
420
thickened gastric folds
rapid emptying
alcoholic gastritis
421
eagle barrett
prune belly
hypoplasia of the
cryptorchidism
renal dysplasia
posterior urethral valve, urachal diverticulum, an enlarged trabeculated bladder and vesicoureteral reflux.
Posterior urethral valves are indicated by the presence of a thickened bladder and sometimes
bilateral hydronephrosis and hydroureter due to vesicoureteral reflux.
A micturating
cystourethrogram will find a dilated posterior urethra and a valve may be visualised. The other
findings in this case of small kidneys and cryptorch
422
low density LNs with dense ascites
small bowel TB
423
PCP
pneumocystis jiroveci
CD4<200
pneumatoceles + pneumothorax
sub pleural blebs
NO PL EFF
424
DISH
spares the facet and SI joints
425
spinal fibrosis
early enhx
426
spinal infections
gen pop - staph aureus
IVDU immunocompromised- strep viridans
sickle cell - salmonella
427
strep bovis
underlying colonic malignancy
428
breast mets
prostate men
MRC L in women
melanome
renal
chorio
lymphoma - BL
429
SSPE
involves basal ganglia
asymmetric
volume loss
ADEM - no vol loss and doesn't involve BG
430
Japanese encephalitis
BL thalami
431
bowel cancer with lung mets, no liver mets
middle and inferior rectal vein - straight to IVC
432
hyperdense renal lesion
needs non con CT to confirm enhancement type
433
HSC
chronic LCH
bone lesions, hepatosplenomegaly, diabetes insipidus, proptosis and dermatitis.
434
MRI pituitary
T1 sagittal and coronal, T1 post contrast sagittal and coronal, T1 coronal with dynamic
contrast
435
blunt trauma
spleen
penetrating - liver
436
urine leak
grade 4
437
TOF with RLL consolidation
type C
proximal atresia distal fistula
438
ischial tuberosity
hamstring muscles
SM
ST
BF
439
gaucher
hepatosplenomegaly, paranasal sinus obliteration due to medullary expansion and Erlenmeyer flask deformity of the proximal humerus.
440
erlenmeyer flask
Lead poisoning
Gaucher disease
Niemann-Pick disease
Osteopetrosis
Metaphyseal dysplasia
Ematological conditions such as thalassaemia
441
CADASIL
young person stroke TIA
anterior temporal lobe
external capsuleg
442
gout
joint aspiration to confirm the presence of monosodium urate crystals
involves patella and popliteus tendon
443
neurot TB
basal cisterns, CN 367
neurosarcoid - dural enhx nodular CN7
444
cartilage
T2 or PDFS
445
gastric volvulus
organo - adults, known hiatus hernia
mesentero - kids
446
poorly enhancing renal cancer
papillary
hypovascualr
447
CI to BB
frequent hypoglycaemia
hepatic dysfunction - will get worse
448
aortic syndromes
mid aortic - above the renal arteries (HTN, renal failure, intermittent claudication). interrenal segment including the origins of the renal arteries.
leriche below
449
negative ulnar variance
ulnar impingement syndromes
keinbock
450
spinal haemangioblastoma
intra and extra medullary component
enhancing mural nodule
flow voids
surrounding odema
haemosiderin cap
451
toxoplasmosis
intra lesional haemorrhage
thallium negative
452
krabbe and MLD
optic nerve atrophy
453
posterior limb of the internal capsules, basal ganglia, hippocampi and cerebral cortex.
hypoglycaemic encephalopathy
454
parathyroid adenoma
increased uptake on sestamibi
decreased uptake on pertechnetate
455
secondary hyper PTH
renal failure
cortical thinning
or vit D def - looser zones
456
aspects
start with 10
1 point removed for each infarcted area
ASPECTS <6 = Considered too extensive for intervention
not enough normal brain left
457
patella
patella baja is when this ratio is <0.8 and patella alta is diagnosed when it is >1.2
458
turner syndrome
Shortening of the third and fourth
metacarpals may be seen in this condition, as well as shortening of the second and fifth middle
phalanges
459
disc fragments
non enhancing
fibrosis - early enhancement
460
foot drop
L5
461
tree in bud
fills the bronchioles
462
leg bowing
normal in young kids
plain films for blounts from age 2.5 minimum
463
adrenal mets
lung breast melanoma
464
HHE
Early peripheral enhancement with delayed central enhancement
same as normal haemangioma
465
causes of Madelung deformity
HIT DOC
Hurler syndrome
Infection
Trauma
Dyschondrosteosis, for example Leri-Weill syndrome
Osteochondromatosis (also known as diaphyseal aclasia)
Congenital, Turner syndrome, nail-patella syndrome, achondroplasia
a. Diaphyseal aclasia
c. Nail patella syndrome
d. Ollier disease
e. Turner syndrome
466
HSC
diabetes insipidus, proptosis, and lytic bone lesions
467
gastric mets
melanoma, breast, lung, cervix, prostate and renal
468
liver haemangioma
Low t1
very bright T2
well defined
469
pregnant haemangioma
MRI abdomen
470
popliteal artery aneurysm
CT diaphragm to toes
abdominal aorta full, down to toes to see complications of pop aneurysm
471
SLE
ulnar deviation of the fingers or radial subluxation at the firstccarpometacarpal joint
472
Bowel TB
thickened IC valve
circumferential ulcers
dense ascites
low density LNs
peritoneal thickening and modularity
473
mucous retention cyst
still air in the sinus unlike mucocele
474
non sclerotic rim
GBA
giant cell tumour
brown tumour
ABC
475
high density LNs
kaposi
castleman
carcinoid
476
T2 hyperintensities
in the pons, midbrain and inferior olivary nucleus, as well as cisternal and ventricular dilatation,
may be evident.
PSP
477
calcification of the ascending aorta may be seen as sequelae to
syphilitic aortitis.
478
thyroid acropachy
painless symmetrical periosteal reaction in the tubular bones, particularly of the hands and feet
always affects the ulnar side of the fifth metacarpal.
painless (VS HPOA - painful)
479
pachydermoperiostosis
primary HPOA
skin thickening face scalp and extremities
480
paeds UTI
less than 6months old
US in 6 weeks for normal e.coli
atypical needs urgent US (sepsis flow creatine unresponsive)
older than 6 months
atypical
urgent US and DMSA in 6 months
recurrent
US 6 weeks DMSA 6 months
MCUG
VUR
non ecoli
poor flow
dilated tract
481
NF1
inferior rib notching
482
UVC
T8/9
483
choroid plexus papilloma
T1 T2 iso
intense enhancement
484
canavan
sparing of the caudate nucleus, corpus callosum and
internal capsule
485
buscopan
unstable cardiac disease main CI
Umair's 2A
flashcards
Decks in class (9)
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