mod 1

Question 1

substance having a higher or lower atomic no. than the surrounding tissue.

Answer 1

contrast media

Question 2

It is used to represent organs in the body which are not visualized in plain radiograph

Answer 2

contrast media

Question 3

purposes of contrast media

Answer 3

• To visualized anatomic detail
• To enhance the visibility of structures or fluids within the body
• To increase the image contrast of anatomic structures

Question 4

two kinds of contrast media

Answer 4

positive
negative

Question 5

characteristics of positive contrast media

Answer 5

• Higher atomic number than surrounding tissues
• White in radiograph
• Increased absorption of x-rays

Question 6

a powdered form of positive contrast media

Answer 6

barium sulfate (BaSo4)

Question 7

____ is composed largely of barium sulfate and is common ore of barium

Answer 7

mineral barite

Question 8

properties of BaSo4

Answer 8

1. It has high atomic number of 64
2. It is soluble in water
3. It cannot be absorbed in GI tract
4. It is non-toxic

Question 9

2 types of BaSo4

Answer 9

• commercial type
• plain BaSo4

Question 10

threetypes of the commercial type of BaSo4

Answer 10

• barodense (with flavoring agent)
• barosperse (with flavor)
• barytgen (powdered & liquid with flavor)

Question 11

two types of iodinated form of positive contrast media

Answer 11

oil based
water based

Question 12

This contrast agent contains iodine as the opacifying element and other chemical components that create a complex molecule.

Answer 12

ionic organic iodides

Question 13

The parent compound of the ionic is a ______ in the form of benzoic acid,
to which other chemical components (side chains) are attached.

Answer 13

carboxyl group

Question 14

____ is a salt, usually consisting of sodium, meglumine, or a combination of both.
- positively charged

Answer 14

cation

Question 15

____ is a negatively charged side chain element.
- Diatrizoate, iothalamate, and metrizoate are common anions that help stabilize the
contrast media compound

Answer 15

anion

Question 16

The cation and anion are side chains that attach to the parent benzoic acid ring, along
with three iodine atoms and the contrast media agents; thus, the term ______ is used.

Answer 16

tri-iodinated contrast media

Question 17

Once injected, the cation dissociates from the parent compound or anion, thus
creating two separate ions in the blood. This action creates a ______, or an increase in the blood plasma osmolality

Answer 17

hypertonic condition

Question 18

the increase in osmolality can cause _______________

Answer 18

• vein spasm
• pain in injection site
• fluid retention

Question 19

this states that any disruption
to the physiologic balance, called homeostasis, may lead to an adverse reaction

Answer 19

chemotoxic theory

Question 20

Higher osmolality and greater chance of reaction

Answer 20

ionic organic iodides

Question 21

when injected into the blood or other body cavities, the contrast media remains intact

Answer 21

non-ionic organic iodide

Question 22

In ____, a new generation of contrast media was introduced into the United States

Answer 22

1984

Question 23

ionizing carboxyl group is replaced with a _____, such as amide or glucose

Answer 23

non-disassociated group

Question 24

these contrast agents also contain iodine needed for opacity but contain no positively
charged cations.

Answer 24

non-ionic organic iodides

Question 25

Lower osmolality and less chance of reaction

Answer 25

non-ionic organic iodide

Question 26

this contrast media is ionic in nature but has the non-disassociating characteristics of a non-ionic contrast media.

Answer 26

low osmolality organic iodide

Question 27

causes fewer adverse contrast reactions than are produced by traditional ionic contrast media, with little or no additional cost to the department or patient.

Answer 27

low osmolality organic iodide

Question 27

low osmolality organic iodide composed in such a manner that it contains _____

Answer 27

six iodine atoms per two particles

Question 28

characteristics of negative contrast media

Answer 28

* Lower atomic number than surrounding tissues * Black in radiograph * Less absorption of x-ray

Question 29

____ a negative contrast media was used initially in 1918 by ______

Answer 29

- air - Walter Dandy

Question 30

a neurosurgeon who did injection of air to study cerebral ventricles of children with hydrocephalus

Answer 30

walter dandy

Question 31

purpose of negative contrast media

Answer 31

1. To localize brain tumor 2. To localize spinal cord tumor

Question 32

types of negative contrast media

Answer 32

1. Carbon dioxide (CO2) 2. Nitrous Oxide 3. Oxygen

Question 36

a naturally occurring chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom

Answer 36

carbon dioxide

Question 37

this absorbed more rapidly by the body than air

Answer 37

carbon dioxide

Question 38

- commonly known as laughing gas or sweet air - It is colorless non- flammable gas, with a slightly sweet odor and taste.

Answer 38

nitrous oxide

Question 39

used in surgery and dentistry for its anesthetic and analgesic effects

Answer 39

nitrous oxide

Question 40

two methods of administering contrast media

Answer 40

direct method indirect method

Question 41

Methods of Introducing Sensitivity Test

Answer 41

1. Scleral method positive reaction: irritation & swelling 2. Sub-lingual method positive reaction: formation of hives & swelling 3. Intra-dermal method positive reaction: irritation, swelling & large wheel 4. Intra-venal method positive reaction: nausea, vomiting & shock

Question 42

Factors in Selecting Appropriate Contrast Media

Answer 42

1. It must be non-toxic and safe 2. It must produce adequate contrast 3. It must have a suitable viscosity 4. It must have a suitable persistence 5. It must have miscibility or immiscibility as appropriate

Question 43

Qualities of Iodinated C.M that contribute to discomfort, side effects and reactions

Answer 43

viscosity toxicity miscibility

Question 44

Physical state of positive contrast media

Answer 44

1. Oil – pantopaque, dionosil 2. Tablet – telepaque, biloptine 3. Powder – barium sulfate 4. Liquid – hypaque, telebrix

Question 45

Adverse Reactions to Contrast Material

Answer 45

1. Allergic Reaction – hypotensive, congestive heart failure, severe renal disease, nausea, burning sensation in the arm during injection, urticaria, dyspnea, dysphagia 2. Acute Renal Failure 3. Aspiration – large volume of barium can cause suffocation and suction 4. Pulmonary Edema 5. Seizure 6. Peritonitis 7. Anaphylaxis – acute multi-system severe type I hypersensitivity allergic reaction

Question 46

examples of ionic organic iodide

Answer 46

Hypaque, Conray, Renografin

Question 47

examples of non-ionic organic iodide

Answer 47

Omnipaque, Amipaque, Optiray

Question 48

examples of low-osmolality organic iodide

Answer 48

Visipaque, Ultravist, Hexabrix