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mod 4A Flashcards

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1
Q

urinary system consists of:

A

2 kidneys,
2 ureters,
1 urinary bladder,
1 urethra.

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2
Q

what kidney generally lie slightly lower or more inferior than the other because of presence of liver

A

right kidney

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3
Q

two kidneys and the ureters are organs that lie in the ________

A

retroperitoneal space

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4
Q

measurements of kidney

A

weight: 150 g
length: 10 - 12cm (4 - 5 inches)
width: 5 - 7.5cm (2 - 3 inches)
thickness: 2.5 cm

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5
Q

what organ connects the bladder to the exterior, exits from the body inferior to the symphysis pubis?

A

urethra

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6
Q

what organ transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?

A

ureters

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7
Q

what organ is a musculomembranous sac that serves as a reservoir for urine.

A

urinary bladder

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8
Q

what does empty bladder looks like?

and what it looks like when it is partially or fully distended (ay laman)?

A

flattened

oval shape

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9
Q

primary function of urinary system

A

production of urine and its elimination from the body

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10
Q

Nitrogenous waste products such as ________ are formed during the normal metabolism of proteins.

A

urea and creatinine

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11
Q

During urine production, the kidneys perform the following functions:

A
  1. Remove nitrogenous wastes
  2. Regulate water levels in the body
  3. Regulate acid-base balance and electrolyte levels of the blood
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12
Q

Buildup of these nitrogenous wastes in the blood results in the clinical condition termed ____ and may indicate _________

A

uremia
renal dysfunction

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13
Q

where does the intake water ends up?

A

bloodstream

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14
Q

what is the average water intake for humans during a 24-hour period?

A

2.5L (2500mL)

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15
Q

From the large amount of blood filtered each day, how much URINE is produced on average?

A

1.5L (1500mL)

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16
Q

How much blood flows through the kidneys at rest every minute?

A

more than 1L

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17
Q

How much filtrate is removed from the blood by the kidneys every 24 hours?

A

180L

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18
Q

What factors can influence the amount of urine produced daily?

A

Fluid intake,
perspiration, and
other factors

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19
Q

When bladder reaches amount of _____ of urine, the desire to void arises.

A

250mL

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20
Q

TREUTCH OR NORTCHI

Act of voiding is normally under involuntary control.

A

NORTCHI
its under voluntary control

(kaya kasi mapigilan umumi kaya may voluntary control siya)

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21
Q

What is the normal total capacity of the bladder?

A

350 to 500 mL

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22
Q

what is act of voiding?

A

urination (pag-ihi)

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23
Q

examples of mild reaction:

A

nausea and vomiting
hives
itching
sneezing
extravasation
vasovagal response

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24
Q

Types of reactions to contrast media:

A
  1. MILD – usually self-limiting and require no medication for relief of symptoms
  2. MODERATE – requires treatment for both symptoms and comfort of patient
  3. SEVERE – any reactions that produces life-threatening symptoms requiring vigorous, active treatment
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25
what type of contrast media have high osmolality and greater chance of reaction?
ionic
26
what type of contrast media that don't have positive charged cations and have low osmolality and less chance of reaction?
non-ionic
27
Common side effects to contrast media:
1. Temporary hot flash 2. Metallic taste in the mouth
28
Preparation for possible reaction to contrast media:
* Fully stocked emergency cart * CPR equipment * Portable oxygen * Suction and BP apparatus * Defibrillator and monitor
29
examples of moderate reactions:
excessive urticaria (hives) tachycardia giant hives excessive vomiting
30
examples of severe reactions:
very low blood pressure cardia or respiratory arrest loss of consciousness laryngeal edema cyanosis difficulty in breathing convulsions profound shock
31
It is the most common radiographic examination of the urinary system
EXCRETORY UROGRAPHY also known as Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
32
purposes of excretory urography:
1. To visualize the collecting portion of the urinary system 2. To assess the functional ability of the kidneys 3. To evaluate the urinary system for pathology or anatomic anomalies
33
see sa module ga PATHOLOGIC INDICATIONS sa excretory urography dami masyado eh
34
most common cause of enlarged kidneys
polycystic kidney disease
35
calcifications in the luminal aspect of urinary tract that often lead to renal obstruction
renal calculi
36
also known as “bright disease”
glomerulonephritis
37
large stone that grows and completely fills the renal pelvis
staghorn calculus
38
absence of urine excretion
anuria
39
see rin sa module ang CONTRAINDICATIONS sa excretory urography dami eh
40
malignant condition of the plasma cells of the bone marrow
multiple myeloma
41
tumor of the kidney
pheochromocytoma
42
lack of healthy RBC to carry oxygenated blood throughout system
sickle cell anemia
43
TREUTCHI OR NORTCHI patient experiencing anuria can have excretory urography examination.
NORTCHI
44
Patient Preparation for excretory urography
* Light evening meal before the procedure * Bowel-cleansing laxative * NPO post-midnight * No breakfast
45
should the patient void before examination?
YESTERDAY AHHAH ihi muna before magpaexam
46
Procedure for excretory urography
Patient lies supine in the radiographic table with MSP at the center of the table and arms at sides away from body.
47
what is the preliminary film in excretory urography?
AP projection - CR is perpendicular to IR - RP is at the level of iliac crest - SID is 40 inches
48
nephrogram or nephrotogram (AP)
- Taken immediately after completion of injection or (1 minute after start of injection) to capture the early stage of c.m entering the collecting system - CR is perpendicular to IR - RP is midway between xyphoid tip and iliac crest - SID is 40 inches
49
Five minutes interval (AP)
- Requires full KUB to include the entire urinary system - CR is perpendicular to IR - RP is at the level of iliac crest - SID is 40 inches
50
Fifteen minutes interval (AP)
- Requires full KUB to include the entire urinary system - CR is perpendicular to IR - RP is at the level of iliac crest - SID is 40 inches
51
Thirty minutes interval (AP)
- Requires full KUB to include the entire urinary system - CR is perpendicular to IR - RP is at the level of iliac crest - SID is 40 inches
52
Post void (PA or erect AP)
- Taken after the patient has voided - CR is perpendicular to IR - RP is at the level of iliac crest - SID is 40 inches
53
This examination is performed on patients with high blood pressure (hypertension) to determine whether the kidneys are the cause of the hypertension.
HYPERTENSIVE INTRAVENOUS UROGRAPHY
54
Procedure for HYPERTENSIVE INTRAVENOUS UROGRAPHY
Includes at least 1-, 2-, and 3-minute radiographs, with the possibility of additional radiographs every 30 seconds. In most cases, timing begins at the start of injection.
55
IT is a non-functional examination of the urinary system. Contrast media is introduced directly retrograde into the pelvocalyceal system via catheterization by a urologist during a minor surgical procedure.
RETROGRADE UROGRAPHY or RETROGRADE PYELOGRAPHY (RGPG)
56
why is RGPG performed?
location of urinary calculi or other types of obstruction
57
Procedure for RGPG
- The patient is placed on the combination cystoscopy-radiography table, which is usually located in the surgery department. - The patient is placed in the modified LITHOTOMY POSITION, which requires that the legs be placed in stirrups. - The patient is typically sedated or anesthetized for this examination
58
This is a non-functional radiographic examination of the urinary bladder that is performed after instillation of an iodinated contrast media via a urethral catheter.
RETROGRADE CYSTOGRAPHY
59
purpose of retrograde cystography
ruling out trauma, calculi, tumor, and inflammatory disease of the urinary bladder.
60
Procedure for retrograde cystography
- no patient preparation but should empty his/her bladder - After the bladder is filled, which may require 150 to 500 mL, fluoroscopic spot radiographs are taken by the radiologist
61
what is a routine position for retrograde cystography?
- AP with 15 degree caudal angle - Bilateral posterior oblique
62
This may be taken after the routine cystography is complete
VOIDING CYSTOURETHROGRAPHY (VCU)
63
This examination provides a study of the urethra and evaluates the patient’s ability to urinate; therefore, it is a functional study of the bladder and urethra
VCU
64
clinical indications of VCU
Trauma Incontinence (uncontrolled leakage of urine)
65
Procedure for VCU
- best conducted using fluoroscopy - patient in supine position - Before the catheter is removed from the bladder and urethra, all liquid must first be drained from the balloon portion of the catheter - Then the catheter is removed very gently. The urethra can be traumatized if care is not exercised.
66
what is the difference in positioning female and male for VCU examination?
The female is usually examined in the AP or slight oblique position. The male is best examined in a 30° right posterior oblique position.
67
This is sometimes performed on the male patient to demonstrate the full length of the urethra. Contrast media is injected retrograde into the distal urethra until the entire urethra is filled.
RETROGRADE URETHROGRAPHY
68
what is used for injection of contrast media in retrograde urethrography?
Brodney clamp
69
clinical indications of RETROGRADE URETHROGRAPHY
Trauma Obstruction of the urethra
70
where is brodney clamp attached?
distal penis
71
Procedure for retrograde urethrography
- A 30° right posterior oblique, with centering to the symphysis pubis. - The special catheter is inserted into the distal urethra and the contrast media is administered by injection. - Ample contrast media is used to fill the entire urethra and exposures are made. - This position prevents superimposition of any bony structures except for the lower pelvis and proximal femur.
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