1
Q
Posterior
A
Back
2
Q
What plane divides the body into left and right halves?
A
Sagittal plane
3
Q
What plane divides the body into front and back halves?
A
Frontal (coronal) plane
4
Q
What plane divides the body into top and bottom halves?
A
Transverse (horizontal) plane
5
Q
What axis runs side to side?
A
Mediolateral axis
6
Q
What axis runs front to back?
A
Anterior-posterior axis
7
Q
What axis runs up and down?
A
Vertical (longitudinal) axis
8
Q
Flexion and extension occur in which plane?
A
Sagittal plane
9
Q
Abduction and adduction at the shoulder occur in which plane?
A
Frontal (coronal) plane
10
Q
Rotational movements occur in which plane?
A
Transverse (horizontal) plane
11
Q
Flexion and extension occur about which axis?
A
Mediolateral axis
12
Q
Abduction and adduction occur about which axis?
A
Anterior-posterior axis
13
Q
Rotational movements occur about which axis?
A
Vertical axis
14
Q
Hip flexion occurs in what plane and axis?
A
Sagittal plane, mediolateral axis
15
Q
Hip adduction occurs in what plane and axis?
A
Frontal plane, anterior-posterior axis
16
Q
Shoulder flexion is depicted in what plane and axis?
A
Sagittal plane, mediolateral axis
17
Q
Inversion and eversion of the foot occur at which joint?
A
Subtalar joint
18
Q
What type of lever is a 3rd class lever?
A
Effort applied between load and fulcrum
19
Q
When describing planes of movement, what reference position is always used?
A
Anatomical position
20
Q
Which plane is also called the coronal plane?
A
Frontal plane
21
Q
Which plane is also called the horizontal plane?
A
Transverse plane
22
Q
Which plane is also called the median plane?
A
Sagittal plane
23
Q
Flexion and extension of the elbow occur in which plane?
A
Sagittal plane
24
Q
Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the ankle occur in which plane?
A
Sagittal plane
25
Forward and backward bending of the trunk occur in which plane?
Sagittal plane
26
Shoulder abduction and adduction occur in which plane?
Frontal plane
27
Hip abduction and adduction occur in which plane?
Frontal plane
28
Lateral flexion of the spine occurs in which plane?
Frontal plane
29
Internal and external rotation of the shoulder occur in which plane?
Transverse plane
30
Pronation and supination of the forearm occur in which plane?
Transverse plane
31
Left and right rotation of the trunk occur in which plane?
Transverse plane
32
The mediolateral axis is associated with what movements?
Flexion and extension
33
The anteroposterior axis is associated with what movements?
Abduction and adduction
34
The vertical axis is associated with what movements?
Rotation
35
Inversion and eversion occur at which axis and plane?
Frontal plane, anterior-posterior axis
36
Elbow flexion occurs about which axis?
Mediolateral axis
37
Neck rotation occurs about which axis?
Vertical axis
38
In a 1st class lever, where is the fulcrum located?
Between the effort and the load
39
In a 2nd class lever, where is the load located?
Between the fulcrum and the effort
40
In a 3rd class lever, where is the effort applied?
Between the fulcrum and the load
41
What is an example of a 1st class lever in the body?
Neck extension (head on the atlas)
42
What is an example of a 2nd class lever in the body?
Plantarflexion at the ankle (standing on toes)
43
What is an example of a 3rd class lever in the body?
Elbow flexion (biceps curl)
44
What does 'ipsilateral' mean?
On the same side of the body
45
What does 'contralateral' mean?
On the opposite side of the body
46
What does 'proximal' mean?
Closer to the trunk of the body
47
What does 'distal' mean?
Farther from the trunk of the body
48
What does 'superior' mean?
Above or higher
49
What does 'inferior' mean?
Below or lower
50
What does 'anterior' mean?
Toward the front
51
What does 'posterior' mean?
Toward the back
52
What does 'medial' mean?
Toward the midline
53
What does 'lateral' mean?
Away from the midline
54
During a jumping jack, the arm movement occurs in which plane?
Frontal plane
55
During running, hip flexion occurs in which plane?
Sagittal plane
56
During a baseball swing, trunk rotation occurs in which plane?
Transverse plane
57
During a squat, which axis does hip flexion and extension occur around?
Mediolateral axis
58
During a cartwheel, which plane is the movement in?
Frontal plane
59
During a pirouette spin in dance, which axis is used?
Vertical axis
60
Front
Back
61
What does the length of a force arrow represent?
The magnitude of the force
62
Where does gravity act on a body segment?
At the center of mass
63
If a force passes through a joint’s axis of rotation, what occurs?
Translation (not rotation)
64
What muscle produces shoulder abduction?
Middle deltoid
65
What additional motion occurs if only the middle deltoid acts on the humerus?
Superior translation of the humeral head
66
During glenohumeral abduction testing, the therapist applies force in what direction?
In the direction of adduction
67
In elbow movement, how does the ulna move on the humerus?
The ulna translates and glides on the convex humerus
68
What is the equation for a moment of force?
Moment = Force × Moment arm length
69
Which has greater leverage: a force with a longer or shorter moment arm?
A force with a longer moment arm
70
What is an external moment?
A torque produced by an external force acting on the body
71
What is an internal moment?
A torque produced by muscles within the body to oppose external moments
72
What type of moment is created when gravity pulls the knee into extension?
External knee extension moment
73
What type of moment counteracts an external knee extension moment?
Internal knee flexion moment
74
What type of moment is created when gravity pulls the knee into flexion?
External knee flexion moment
75
What happens when a whole bone slides in one direction due to a force?
Translation
76
What factor besides force magnitude determines torque?
The length of the moment arm
77
What two characteristics describe a force vector?
Magnitude and direction
78
What does the arrowhead of a force vector represent?
The direction of the force
79
What does the tail of a force vector represent?
The point of application
80
Where is the center of mass located in the human body (generally)?
Just anterior to the second sacral vertebra (S2)
81
Why is the center of mass important?
It determines how gravity acts on the body and affects balance and stability
82
What type of movement occurs if a force passes through the axis of rotation?
Pure translation
83
What type of movement occurs if a force acts away from the axis of rotation?
Rotation (moment/torque)
84
Why does the middle deltoid alone cause superior translation of the humeral head?
Because it lacks a downward stabilizing force from other muscles
85
Which muscles oppose superior translation of the humeral head?
Rotator cuff muscles (infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis)
86
When pushing at the forearm during elbow flexion testing, what increases torque?
Increasing the distance from the elbow joint (longer moment arm)
87
What are the two factors that influence the magnitude of torque?
Force magnitude and moment arm length
88
When is torque greatest?
When the force is applied at 90° to the lever arm
89
When is torque minimized?
When the force is applied parallel to the lever arm
90
What generates internal moments in the body?
Muscle contractions
91
What generates external moments in the body?
Gravity, ground reaction forces, or external loads
92
If gravity produces an external knee extension moment, what internal moment must oppose it?
Internal knee flexion moment from hamstrings
93
If gravity produces an external knee flexion moment, what internal moment must oppose it?
Internal knee extension moment from quadriceps
94
What class of lever is most common in the human body?
3rd class lever
95
What advantage do 3rd class levers provide?
Greater speed and range of motion at the expense of force
96
What advantage do 2nd class levers provide?
Mechanical advantage for force production
97
What is the mechanical advantage equation?
MA = Effort arm ÷ Resistance arm
98
During a biceps curl, what type of lever system is used?
3rd class lever
99
When standing on tiptoes, what type of lever system is used?
2nd class lever
100
When nodding the head 'yes,' what type of lever system is used?
1st class lever
101
What type of external moment acts on the spine when bending forward?
External flexion moment
102
What internal moment opposes trunk flexion due to gravity?
Internal extension moment from spinal extensors
Movement Science
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Decks in class (12)
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