1
Q
What is an open chain movement?
A
The distal segment moves freely on a fixed proximal segment (e.g., kicking a ball)
2
Q
What is a closed chain movement?
A
The proximal segment moves on a fixed distal segment (e.g., a squat) =
3
Q
Give an example of an open chain exercise.
A
Knee extension (seated leg extension)
4
Q
Give an example of a closed chain exercise.
A
Squat =
5
Q
List four examples of open chain joint movements.
A
Hip flexion, elbow flexion, ankle dorsiflexion, knee internal rotation, hip external rotation =
6
Q
How do you determine if a movement is open or closed chain?
A
Check the most distal segment: if free to move → open chain; if fixed → closed chain =
7
Q
When naming a motion, what reference is used?
A
The distal segment relative to the proximal segment =
8
Q
In open chain, which segment is fixed and which moves?
A
The proximal segment is fixed and the distal segment moves =
9
Q
In closed chain, which segment is fixed and which moves?
A
The distal segment is fixed and the proximal segment moves (reverse action) =
10
Q
What motion occurs at the right hip when lowering the left limb to tap the floor?
A
Closed chain femoral-on-pelvic hip adduction
11
Q
If the right hip joint is externally rotated, how is it positioned relative to the pelvis?
A
The distal femur is rotated outward relative to the pelvis
12
Q
What is the best exercise choice for practicing multiple muscle groups together after surgery?
A
Mini squats holding onto a stable surface
13
Q
Why are closed chain exercises emphasized in rehab?
A
They recruit multiple muscle groups, improve stability, and mimic daily activities
14
Q
Why might open chain exercises be prescribed in rehab?
A
They isolate specific muscles and allow controlled strengthening
15
Q
Which chain type typically allows more functional training?
A
Closed chain
16
Q
Which chain type is better for isolating individual muscles?
A
Open chain
17
Q
What are the primary functions of skeletal muscle?
A
Mobility and stability
18
Q
What are the two qualities of skeletal muscle tissue?
A
Contractile (muscle tissue) and non-contractile (connective tissue)
19
Q
What is contractility?
A
The ability of muscle to shorten
20
Q
What is irritability?
A
The ability of muscle to respond to chemical, electrical, or mechanical stimuli
21
Q
What is extensibility?
A
The ability of muscle to stretch
22
Q
What is the fundamental structural unit of skeletal muscle?
A
The sarcomere
23
Q
What are the two broad categories of muscle contractions?
A
Isometric and isotonic contractions
24
Q
What is an isometric contraction?
A
A contraction where internal torque = external torque and no gross movement occurs
25
Why are isometric contractions often used in rehab?
Because they allow activation without movement, especially useful in early stages
26
What is a concentric contraction?
A contraction where the muscle shortens and internal torque > external torque
27
Give an example of a concentric contraction.
Biceps brachii shortening during lifting a dumbbell
28
What is an eccentric contraction?
A contraction where the muscle lengthens and external torque > internal torque
29
Give an example of an eccentric contraction.
Biceps brachii lengthening while lowering a dumbbell
30
What happens to concentric contraction velocity as resistance increases?
Velocity decreases
31
What happens to eccentric contraction velocity as resistance increases?
Velocity increases
32
On the force-velocity curve, what does the x-axis represent?
Velocity (with zero at the center = isometric)
33
On the force-velocity curve, what does the y-axis represent?
Force generated by the muscle
34
Which type of contraction generates the greatest force?
Eccentric contraction
35
Rank the contractions from greatest to least force production.
Eccentric > Isometric > Concentric
36
If a patient concentrically contracts a muscle as quickly as possible, what is true about force production?
Force production will be minimal
37
During isometric contraction, what is the velocity of movement?
Zero
38
Why might eccentric training be emphasized in rehabilitation?
Because eccentric contractions produce the most force and can strengthen muscle effectively
39
Why might concentric training be emphasized for speed?
Because concentric contractions allow rapid shortening at low loads
40
Front
Back
41
Define arthrokinematics.
Motion that occurs between the articular surfaces of joints (roll, slide/glide, spin).
42
List the three fundamental arthrokinematic motions.
Roll; Slide/Glide; Spin.
43
Do rolling and gliding occur separately or together in real joints?
They occur simultaneously; the pattern depends on concave-on-convex vs convex-on-concave.
44
Describe 'roll' in arthrokinematics.
Multiple points on one surface contact multiple points on another (like a tire rolling across pavement).
45
Give an analogy for roll.
A tire rotating across pavement.
46
Describe 'slide/glide' in arthrokinematics.
A single point on one surface contacts multiple points on another (like a nonrotating tire skidding on ice).
47
Give an analogy for slide/glide.
A nonrotating tire skidding across icy pavement.
48
Describe 'spin' in arthrokinematics.
A single point on one surface rotates on a single point on another surface.
49
Give two examples of spin in the body.
Radius on capitulum during pronation/supination; GH or hip joint during flexion/extension.
50
What GH position especially uses spin for rotation?
Internal/external rotation with the shoulder abducted to 90°.
51
State the concave-on-convex rule.
The concave segment rolls and glides in the SAME direction.
52
Example: tibial-on-femoral knee extension (open chain). What are roll & glide?
Anterior roll with anterior glide of the tibia on the femur.
53
Closed-chain ankle dorsiflexion (tibia on talus). What are roll & glide?
Anterior roll with anterior glide of the tibia on the talus.
54
Elbow extension (ulna on humerus). What are roll & glide?
Posterior roll with posterior glide of the ulna on the humerus.
55
State the convex-on-concave rule.
The convex segment rolls and glides in OPPOSITE directions.
56
Example: femoral-on-tibial knee extension (closed chain). What are roll & glide?
Anterior roll with posterior glide of the femur on the tibia.
57
Shoulder abduction (humerus on glenoid). What are roll & glide?
Superior roll with inferior glide of the humeral head on the glenoid fossa.
58
Radiocarpal joint in wrist flexion (lunate on radius). What are roll & glide?
The lunate rolls anteriorly (palmar) and glides posteriorly on the radius.
59
Open-chain ankle dorsiflexion (talus on tibia). What are roll & glide?
Anterior roll with posterior glide of the talus on the tibia.
60
During knee extension while standing up from a chair, which surfaces are moving and how?
Femur (convex) moves on tibia (concave): anterior roll, posterior glide (convex-on-concave).
61
During a biceps curl (elbow flexion), what arthrokinematics occur at the ulnohumeral joint?
Ulna (concave) on humerus (convex): anterior roll, anterior glide (concave-on-convex).
62
During GH external rotation at the side, what are the roll & glide of the humeral head?
Posterior roll with anterior glide (convex-on-concave).
63
MCQ: In wrist flexion at the radiocarpal joint, which is correct?
Convex lunate rolls anteriorly and glides posteriorly on the concave radius.
64
MCQ: In sit-to-stand, arthrokinematics at the knee are best described as…
Femur anterior roll with posterior glide on the tibia (convex-on-concave).
65
MCQ: In elbow flexion phase of a curl, which is correct?
Ulna anterior roll with anterior glide on the humerus (concave-on-convex).
66
MCQ: GH external rotation at the side involves…
Posterior roll and anterior glide of the humeral head on the glenoid.
67
Why must roll be paired with an appropriate glide?
To maintain joint congruency and prevent impingement or excessive translation.
68
Rule application: If the moving surface is concave, how do roll & glide relate to osteokinematic motion?
Roll and glide occur in the same direction as the osteokinematic motion.
69
Rule application: If the moving surface is convex, how do roll & glide relate to osteokinematic motion?
Roll occurs in the direction of motion; glide occurs in the opposite direction.
70
Why teach concave/convex rules in rehab?
To guide joint mobilization techniques and understand accessory motions needed for ROM.
71
Which arthrokinematic component is emphasized during joint mobilizations to restore range?
The glide/slide component, directed per concave–convex rule.
72
Knee: tibia on femur (open chain) extension—direction of glide?
Anterior glide (same as roll).
73
Knee: femur on tibia (closed chain) extension—direction of glide?
Posterior glide (opposite the roll).
74
Shoulder abduction—direction of glide?
Inferior glide of the humeral head.
75
Ankle: talus on tibia dorsiflexion—direction of glide?
Posterior glide of the talus.
76
Ankle: tibia on talus dorsiflexion—direction of glide?
Anterior glide of the tibia.
77
Contrast roll vs slide in point contact terms.
Roll: many-to-many point contact; Slide: one point to many points.
78
Contrast slide vs spin.
Slide: translation across the surface; Spin: pure rotation around a fixed contact point.
79
What is an open chain movement?
The distal segment moves freely on a fixed proximal segment (e.g., kicking a ball)
## Footnote
Example: Kicking a ball
80
What is a closed chain movement?
The proximal segment moves on a fixed distal segment (e.g., a squat)
## Footnote
Example: A squat
81
Give an example of an open chain exercise.
Knee extension (seated leg extension)
## Footnote
Example: Seated leg extension
82
Give an example of a closed chain exercise.
Squat
## Footnote
Example: Squat
83
List four examples of open chain joint movements.
Hip flexion, elbow flexion, ankle dorsiflexion, knee internal rotation, hip external rotation
## Footnote
Examples: Hip flexion, elbow flexion, ankle dorsiflexion, knee internal rotation, hip external rotation
84
How do you determine if a movement is open or closed chain?
Check the most distal segment: if free to move → open chain; if fixed → closed chain
85
When naming a motion, what reference is used?
The distal segment relative to the proximal segment
86
In open chain, which segment is fixed and which moves?
The proximal segment is fixed and the distal segment moves
87
In closed chain, which segment is fixed and which moves?
The distal segment is fixed and the proximal segment moves (reverse action)
88
What motion occurs at the right hip when lowering the left limb to tap the floor?
Closed chain femoral-on-pelvic hip abduction
89
If the right hip joint is externally rotated, how is it positioned relative to the pelvis?
The distal femur is rotated outward relative to the pelvis
90
What is the best exercise choice for practicing multiple muscle groups together after surgery?
Mini squats holding onto a stable surface
91
Why are closed chain exercises emphasized in rehab?
They recruit multiple muscle groups, improve stability, and mimic daily activities
92
Why might open chain exercises be prescribed in rehab?
They isolate specific muscles and allow controlled strengthening
93
Which chain type typically allows more functional training?
Closed chain
94
Which chain type is better for isolating individual muscles?
Open chain
95
What is the sarcomere?
The fundamental unit of each muscle fiber containing actin and myosin.
96
Which proteins generate active contraction?
Actin and myosin (contractile proteins).
97
Which proteins generate passive tension and structural support?
Noncontractile proteins (titin, tendon, epimysium, perimysium, endomysium).
98
What happens during the sliding filament action?
Myosin heads attach and release from actin, generating force during the power stroke.
99
When muscle is overly shortened, what happens to force production?
Force decreases due to excessive actin overlap preventing cross-bridge formation.
100
At mid-range of muscle length, what happens to force production?
Max force occurs because the maximum number of crossbridges can form.
101
When muscle is overly lengthened, what happens to force production?
Force decreases because actin and myosin overlap is reduced.
102
When does passive tension develop?
When connective tissues are stretched.
103
Which structures contribute to passive tension?
Tendon, titin, epimysium, perimysium, endomysium.
104
What explains increased total force in the total length-tension curve as muscle lengthens?
Active force declines, but passive tension rises rapidly.
105
Define active insufficiency.
When a two-joint muscle cannot shorten enough to produce full ROM at all joints simultaneously.
106
Example: Why is it hard to make a fist with the wrist fully flexed?
The wrist/finger flexors are actively insufficient when too shortened.
107
Which gluteal muscle may be actively insufficient in hip extension exercises?
Gluteus maximus (in certain positions).
108
Define passive insufficiency.
When a two-joint muscle cannot lengthen enough to allow full ROM across all joints simultaneously.
109
Example: Why is finger flexion limited when the wrist is flexed?
Wrist extensors are passively insufficient and limit motion while flexors are actively insufficient.
110
Example: Why is ankle dorsiflexion decreased with the knee extended compared to flexed?
The gastrocnemius is passively insufficient when lengthened across both knee and ankle.
111
What often occurs simultaneously at the wrist during flexion?
Passive insufficiency of extensors and active insufficiency of flexors.
112
Define agonist.
The prime mover directly responsible for the action.
113
Define antagonist.
Performs the opposite action of the agonist.
114
Define synergist.
Assists the agonist and neutralizes unwanted motion.
115
Agonist vs antagonist in knee flexion?
Agonist: Hamstrings; Antagonist: Quadriceps.
116
Agonist vs antagonist in wrist flexion?
Agonist: Wrist flexors; Antagonist: Wrist extensors.
117
Agonist vs antagonist in elbow flexion?
Agonist: Biceps brachii; Antagonist: Triceps brachii.
118
Example of synergists at the wrist?
Flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris neutralizing deviation while flexing.
119
How does passive tension support movement?
It resists overstretch and contributes to total force at long muscle lengths.
120
How can insufficiency concepts guide rehab?
They explain why multi-joint exercises may feel weak or tight and help select joint positions to target muscles effectively.
121
Define arthrokinematics.
Motion that occurs between the articular surfaces of joints (roll, slide/glide, spin).
122
List the three fundamental arthrokinematic motions.
Roll; Slide/Glide; Spin.
123
Do rolling and gliding occur separately or together in real joints?
They occur simultaneously; the pattern depends on concave-on-convex vs convex-on-concave.
124
Describe 'roll' in arthrokinematics.
Multiple points on one surface contact multiple points on another (like a tire rolling across pavement).
125
Give an analogy for roll.
A tire rotating across pavement.
126
Describe 'slide/glide' in arthrokinematics.
A single point on one surface contacts multiple points on another (like a nonrotating tire skidding on ice).
127
Give an analogy for slide/glide.
A nonrotating tire skidding across icy pavement.
128
Describe 'spin' in arthrokinematics.
A single point on one surface rotates on a single point on another surface.
129
Give two examples of spin in the body.
Radius on capitulum during pronation/supination; GH or hip joint during flexion/extension.
130
What GH position especially uses spin for rotation?
Internal/external rotation with the shoulder abducted to 90°.
131
State the concave-on-convex rule.
The concave segment rolls and glides in the SAME direction.
132
Example: tibial-on-femoral knee extension (open chain). What are roll & glide?
Anterior roll with anterior glide of the tibia on the femur.
133
Closed-chain ankle dorsiflexion (tibia on talus). What are roll & glide?
Anterior roll with anterior glide of the tibia on the talus.
134
Elbow extension (ulna on humerus). What are roll & glide?
Posterior roll with posterior glide of the ulna on the humerus.
135
State the convex-on-concave rule.
The convex segment rolls and glides in OPPOSITE directions.
136
Example: femoral-on-tibial knee extension (closed chain). What are roll & glide?
Anterior roll with posterior glide of the femur on the tibia.
137
Shoulder abduction (humerus on glenoid). What are roll & glide?
Superior roll with inferior glide of the humeral head on the glenoid fossa.
138
Radiocarpal joint in wrist flexion (lunate on radius). What are roll & glide?
The lunate rolls anteriorly (palmar) and glides posteriorly on the radius.
139
Open-chain ankle dorsiflexion (talus on tibia). What are roll & glide?
Anterior roll with posterior glide of the talus on the tibia.
140
During knee extension while standing up from a chair, which surfaces are moving and how?
Femur (convex) moves on tibia (concave): anterior roll, posterior glide (convex-on-concave).
141
During a biceps curl (elbow flexion), what arthrokinematics occur at the ulnohumeral joint?
Ulna (concave) on humerus (convex): anterior roll, anterior glide (concave-on-convex).
142
During GH external rotation at the side, what are the roll & glide of the humeral head?
Posterior roll with anterior glide (convex-on-concave).
143
MCQ: In wrist flexion at the radiocarpal joint, which is correct?
Convex lunate rolls anteriorly and glides posteriorly on the concave radius.
144
MCQ: In sit-to-stand, arthrokinematics at the knee are best described as…
Femur anterior roll with posterior glide on the tibia (convex-on-concave).
145
MCQ: In elbow flexion phase of a curl, which is correct?
Ulna anterior roll with anterior glide on the humerus (concave-on-convex).
146
MCQ: GH external rotation at the side involves…
Posterior roll and anterior glide of the humeral head on the glenoid.
147
Why must roll be paired with an appropriate glide?
To maintain joint congruency and prevent impingement or excessive translation.
148
Rule application: If the moving surface is concave, how do roll & glide relate to osteokinematic motion?
Roll and glide occur in the same direction as the osteokinematic motion.
149
Rule application: If the moving surface is convex, how do roll & glide relate to osteokinematic motion?
Roll occurs in the direction of motion; glide occurs in the opposite direction.
150
Why teach concave/convex rules in rehab?
To guide joint mobilization techniques and understand accessory motions needed for ROM.
151
Which arthrokinematic component is emphasized during joint mobilizations to restore range?
The glide/slide component, directed per concave–convex rule.
152
Knee: tibia on femur (open chain) extension—direction of glide?
Anterior glide (same as roll).
153
Knee: femur on tibia (closed chain) extension—direction of glide?
Posterior glide (opposite the roll).
154
Shoulder abduction—direction of glide?
Inferior glide of the humeral head.
155
Ankle: talus on tibia dorsiflexion—direction of glide?
Posterior glide of the talus.
156
Ankle: tibia on talus dorsiflexion—direction of glide?
Anterior glide of the tibia.
157
Contrast roll vs slide in point contact terms.
Roll: many-to-many point contact; Slide: one point to many points.
158
Contrast slide vs spin.
Slide: translation across the surface; Spin: pure rotation around a fixed contact point.
Movement Science
flashcards
Decks in class (12)
# Cards
