Mod 1: Section 1

Question 1

What is Nursing research

Answer 1

systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer questions.

Question 2

What is the aim of nursing research?

Answer 2

To generate trustworthy evidence and to develop a body of knowledge for a discipline

Question 3

What is Evidence-based Practice?

Answer 3

information gathered from rigorous studies that guide actions and the decisions of nurses in patient care.

Question 4

Roles of Nurses in Research

Answer 4

1. Consumers of research- read reports and keep up to date on findings
2. Contribute to research- help collecting, offer advice, discuss the implications of the research
3. Producers of Research- actively design and under take the studies.

Question 5

Nursing research focus from 1900-1940

Answer 5

focused on nursing education

Question 6

Nursing research focus 1950’s

Answer 6

CLinical nursing problems

Question 7

Nursing research focus 1960’s

Answer 7

Quality care and measuring quality of care.

Question 8

Nursing research focus 1970’s-1980’s

Answer 8

Clinical problems

Question 9

Nursing research focus in the 1990’s

Answer 9

Outcomes increasingly focused. National Institute of Nursing Research created and Nursing Journals were created.

Question 10

Nursing research trends for the future

Answer 10

1. Continued focus on EBP
2. Stronger evidence through confirmatory strategies - stronger research designs and increased reliability through replication and consistency
3. Continued on systemic reviews- the cornerstone of EBP.
4. Expanded local research- small studies designed to solve local issues
5. Expanded dissemination of research findings.
6. Increased focus on the cultural issues and health disparities
7. Increasingly patient focused research

Question 11

Sources of Knowledge (6)

Answer 11

(1/6)
Authority, Beliefs and tradition.
- the way things have always been, unit culture, peoples expertise and speciality
- can be an obstacle because can limit care and expansion of knowledge

Question 12

Sources of Knowledge (6)

Answer 12

(2/6)
Inspiration
- creative process, can come from clients and peers

Question 13

Sources of Knowledge (6)

Answer 13

(3/6)
Intuition
-the “hunch” feeling guides research and proceed in a certain manner. Stem from experience

Question 14

Sources of Knowledge (6)

Answer 14

(4/6)
Social construction of reality
- set beliefs commonly held within a society or culture.
-Examples:
- the idea that men and women respond the same to interventions, this is a social construct.

Question 15

Sources of Knowledge (6)

Answer 15

(5/6)
Logical Reasoning
- problems solved by combination pf logical thought and intellectual ability and experience
- Inductive Reasoning- reasoning from specific observations to more general rules

Question 16

Sources of Knowledge (6)

Answer 16

(6/6)
Deductive Reasoning
- making specific predictions from a generalized situation

Question 17

Scientific Reasoning

Answer 17

• minimizes bias
• most reliable way to gather info
• information is generalized from mulitple instances

Question 18

Research Methods

Answer 18

1. Descriptive
2. Correlational
3. Experimental

Question 19

Descriptive Research

Answer 19

• observe, describe, and document aspects a situation

- describe the what and how it related to other events.

Question 20

Correational Research

Answer 20

• how things are in relation to others.

- 2 or more variables or conditions are measured in order to see if one influences the other

Question 21

Experimental Research

Answer 21

• how things are and how they got that way

- focus to test an intervention/treatment

Question 22

Paradigms

Answer 22

1. Positivist

2. Constructivist

Question 23

Positivist Paradigm: the nature of relaity

Answer 23

-reality exists, driven by real world natural causes

Question 24

Positivist Paradigm: Relationship between the researcher and researched individual

Answer 24

• researcher is independent of from researcher

Question 25

Positivist Paradigm: Best method for obtaining evidence

Answer 25

- deductive processes hypothesis testing - emphasis on discrete specific concepts - focused o the objective and quantifiable - corroboration of researchers predictions - fixed prespecified design - stat analysis - seeks generalization

Question 26

Constructivist Paradigm: The nature of reality

Answer 26

- there are multiple and subjective - varies between people - mentally constructed

Question 27

Constructivist Paradigm: Relationship between the researcher and the researched

Answer 27

-researcher interacts with the researched individual; results are from the interaction

Question 28

Constructivist Paradigm: Roles of values in the inquiry

Answer 28

Subjectivity and values are inevitable and desirable

Question 29

Psoitivist Paradigm: Role of values in the inquiry

Answer 29

Values and bias held in check; objectivity sought

Question 30

Positivist Paradigm: Best method for obtaining evidence

Answer 30

- Inductive hypothesis generation - Emphasis on the whole - focus on the subjective and non-quantifiable - emerging insight grounded in participants experiences - flexible , emergent design - context bound - seeks in depth understanding

Question 31

Quantitative research method

Answer 31

- associated with positivism - no subjectivity, bias controlled - isolate variable by controlling influencing factors - demonstrating the effects one has on the other - generalized results and can be used to predict other circumstances - scientific method - gather empirical evidence

Question 32

Empirical Evidence

Answer 32

-evidence rooted in objective reality and gathered using ones senses as the bias generating bias

Question 33

Characteristics of Quantitative

Answer 33

- observed behaviour is expressed in numerical form - testing of hypothesis is based on a sample of observations - statistical analysis of the data is used - attempts to describe relationships among variables mathematically and applies some form of numerical analysis to the social relationships being examined

Question 34

Qualitative Research

Answer 34

- associated with constructivist paradigm - looks at the complexity of humans and their ability to create their experiences - focus on the human experience as it happens - emphasis on dynamic, holistic and individual aspects of human life - flexible and evolving procedures - research grounded in real life experiences

Question 35

Quantitative limitations

Answer 35

-reductionist, reduces the human experience to only a few concepts which are defined prior by researchers instead of the experience

Question 36

Qualitative limitations

Answer 36

-human involvement, subjectiveness can cause concerns bout the idiosyncratic nature of the conclusions

Question 37

Characteristics of Qualitative research

Answer 37

- observed data about human behaviour is non-numerical - verbal descriptions - social practices intensely observed in order to show/understand how participants see the world

Question 38

Purposes of quantitative and qualitative research

Answer 38

1. Identification 2. Exploration 3. Explanation 4. Prediction and control

Question 39

Identification in Qualitative

Answer 39

- description of the dimensions of phenomenon usually little is known about the topic - Examples: - What is the phenomenon? - What is it's name?

Question 40

Identification in Quantitative

Answer 40

- focuses on the incidence size and measurable attributes of phenomenon - usually has already been studied

Question 41

Exploration:

Answer 41

- begins with phenomenon of interest and goes beyond the description. It examines the full nature of the phenomenon - Examples: - Quantitative: What factors are related to the phenomenon, what are the antecendents of the phenomenon - Qualitative: What is the full nature, what is really going on,

Question 42

Explanation in Quantitative

Answer 42

- use prior findings deductively to generate hypothesized explantation - Examples: - What is the underlying cause of the phenomenon, does the theory explain the phenomenon

Question 43

Explanation in Qualitative

Answer 43

- search for explanations about how or why the phenomenon exists or what the phenomenon means as a basis for developing a theory that is grounded in in-depth experimental evidence - Examples: - How does the phenomenon work, what does the phenomenon mean

Question 44

Prediction and Control

Answer 44

- research is mainly aimed for this - making predictions and controlling phenomenon on the basis of research findings - critical to help clinicians to make decision - Quantitative Examples: - what will happen if we alter a phenomenon or introduce an intervention

Question 45

What is Basic Research

Answer 45

- the purpose is to collect info, enhance the base of knowledge or to formulate and test an existing theory - not for immediate solutions - for extending knowledge base in a discipline

Question 46

What is applied research

Answer 46

- the purpose is for finding solutions to specific problems or help accomplish tasks - emphasis on finding a solution to a specific problem - usually descriptive - for immediate and practical use - affects daily lives

Question 47

Frameworks for research

Answer 47

- facilitates researchers and consumers of the research to understand how a phenomenon came to exist - provides discipline-specific cause-and-effect explanation of phenomenon and facilitates researchers throughout the process especially to determine the question to be asked and answered by the project