mod 2

Question 1

Epidemiology

Answer 1

Study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (ex. disease)
& application of study to the control of diseases and other health problems

Question 2

Indian Registry

Answer 2

People registered under the Indian Act are recognized by the federal government as having Indian status. This means only Indigenous Peoples living in Canada who are registered with the federal government will have their data recorded and counted to inform new policies.

Question 3

Sovereignty

Answer 3

the full right and power of a governing body over itself, without any interference from outside sources or bodies.

Question 4

Five “D”s of Indigenous Data Colonization

Answer 4

• Disparity
• Depravation
• Disadvantage
• Dysfunction
• Difference

Question 5

Indigenous Data Governance

canadian context

Answer 5

There are many cases of Indigenous governance over data.
* Example: OCAP (Ownership, Control, Access, and Possession).

Importance of access:
* Enables decisions on why, how, and by whom information is collected, used, and shared.

Question 6

Incidence

Answer 6

Measures how quick new cases of disease rise in a population over a defined period of time

Measure of RISK

2 types: culmative, and IR

Question 7

Cumulative Incidence (aka incidence proportion)

Answer 7

Proportion of population who develop disease over a period of time (measures risk)

Question 8

culmative incidence equation

Answer 8

of new cases of disease over a time period /

total population at risk

Question 9

Incidence Density Rate (aka Person-Time IR)

Answer 9

Length of time people were at risk of disease

Question 10

prevalence

Answer 10

Tells us the number of existing cases of a disease in a given population

Question 11

prevalence equation

Answer 11

number of cases /
total at-risk population

Question 12

2 types of prevalence

Answer 12

1) point prevalence
2) period prevalence

Question 13

Point prevalence

Answer 13

Has disease @ specific point in time
Rarely used

Question 14

point prevalence equation

Answer 14

number oc ases at a specific time /
total population at that time

Question 15

period prevalence

Answer 15

has disease at a defiend period of time

Question 16

period prevalence equation

Answer 16

number of cases at a period to time /
average population during that period of time

Question 17

Reasons for INCREASED at-risk population

Answer 17

Births
Immigration

Question 18

Reasons for DECREASED at-risk population

Answer 18

High Incidence
High death rate from other causes
Emigration

Question 19

Crude Mortality Rates

Answer 19

The count of all the deaths over a specified time period divided by the population at the midpoint of the time period being considered

Question 20

Crude Mortality Rates Equation

Answer 20

number of deaths over a time period x 100 000 /
population at midpoint of time period

Question 21

All-Cause Mortality Rate

Answer 21

Considers deaths for any reason in the population

Question 22

Cause-Specific Mortality Rate

Answer 22

Measures the deaths in a population from a specific

Question 23

Standardization of Mortality Rate

Answer 23

Compares mortality in two populations that differ in terms of characteristics that are known to influence mortality (ex. age, sex)
*age is the most common characteristic for standardizing mortality

Question 24

Limitation of Standardization of Mortality Rate

Answer 24

In developing countries, it may be hard to obtain reliable data on population mortality because
* Many people die at home
* How people live

Question 25

Relative Risk (RR)

Answer 25

Refers to how many times more likely it is that one group of people will become ill compared to another group Risk = the cumulative incidence of being exposed to an illness Groups = demographic factors (age, group, sex) or exposure to a suspected risk (live within 1km of open water)

Question 26

Relative Risk Equation

Answer 26

relative risk = a/(a+b) **/** c/(c+d)

Question 27

what does A, B, C, and D stand for

Answer 27

a= disease, exposed b= no disease, exposed c= disease, not exposed d= no disease, not exposed

Question 28

RR < 1

Answer 28

the primary interest group has a lower risk of disease

Question 29

RR = 1

Answer 29

the risk of disease is equal in both groups

Question 30

RR > 1

Answer 30

the primary interest group has a higher risk of disease

Question 31

odds ratio

Answer 31

IF you can't calculate incidence (not enough info on entire population) → odds ratio

Question 32

odds ratio equation

Answer 32

odds ratio = a x d / b x c

Question 33

measures burden

Answer 33

* Prevalence & Incidence → poor indicators alone (they don't tell you how many people died from the disease) * Mortality → doesn't indicate anything about the age of specific disease death or quality of life

Question 34

DALY

Answer 34

* used by WHO * measures disease's overall burden, expressed as the cumulative number of years lost due to ill-health, disability, or early death

Question 35

DALY equation

Answer 35

DALY = years lived with disability + years of lost life

Question 36

Years Lived with Disability (YLD)

Answer 36

* Multiplies the number of years a person has a condition that affects their quality of life * Weighted between 0 (perfect health) and 1 (death) to show degreeto which the disease negatively impacts life

Question 37

Years of Lost Life

Answer 37

* Indicates premature mortality * 2 Characteristics * Age of death (life expectancy - average age of death) * An illness that results in early mortality

Question 38

DALY Criticisms

Answer 38

* Examines health through an ableist lens * Weighting disability = insinuates able-bodied people are more valued than those with disabilities * Doesn’t account for age (related to the ability to contribute to society)