What is the Global Burden of Disease (GBD)?
A measure of total health loss from diseases, injuries, and risk factors across populations.
Purpose of the GBD Study?
Quantifies premature mortality and disability globally by disease, age, sex, and country.
What is DALY?
Disability-Adjusted Life Years = YLD + YLL, representing total years lost to poor health.
What is YLD?
Years Lived with Disability; incorporates disability weighting factor.
What is YLL?
Years of Life Lost = deaths × (life expectancy − age of death).
Three categories of diseases in GBD?
1) Communicable/maternal/neonatal/nutritional, 2) Non-communicable, 3) Injuries.
Which group accounts for MOST global deaths?
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs).
Which group shows the largest SEX difference?
Injuries (especially higher in males).
Which SDI category experiences highest burden of communicable diseases?
Low SDI countries (>50% of DALYs).
Global HIV statistics?
38M people; 19% unaware; 33M deaths; 67% access ART.
HIV in Canada?
68,000 people; 14% unaware.
Why are Indigenous Peoples at higher HIV risk?
Stigma, discrimination, violence, injection drug use, lack of services, mistrust.
Barriers to methadone treatment for Indigenous peoples?
Lack of on-site treatment, travel off-site, stigma, limited education about programs.
Key prevention strategies for HIV?
Condom use, ART for mother-to-child prevention, harm reduction, testing/counseling.
Who is at highest TB risk in Canada?
Foreign-born and Indigenous populations.
Percentage of latent TB that becomes active?
5–15%; higher in malnourished or co-infected individuals.
Why is TB risk 40x higher in Indigenous communities?
Overcrowding, poor ventilation, food insecurity, comorbidities.
Steps to reduce TB in Indigenous communities?
Improve TB care, reduce poverty, strengthen health capacity, Inuit-specific solutions, accountability.
Most affected populations by malaria?
Sub-Saharan Africa; 90% of cases and deaths.
Top malaria-burden countries?
Nigeria, DR Congo, Tanzania, Burkina Faso, Mozambique, Niger.
Why are children <5 at highest malaria risk?
Immature immune systems; 67% of deaths occur in this group.
Barriers to insecticide-treated net use?
Preference for drugs > nets; difficulty using nets; seasonal misconceptions.
Malaria prevention effectiveness?
Insecticide-treated nets and indoor sprays reduce infection up to 80%.
Most common nutritional deficiency globally?
Iron deficiency.
