MOD 7.1 - Cell Adaptations

Question 1

What is the definition of regeneration?

Answer 1

Cell losses are replaced by identical cells that originate from stem cells

Question 2

Describe the regenerative ability of smooth muscle and striated muscle

Answer 2

• Smooth = good

- Striated = limited

Question 3

Describe the regenerative ability of:
- Epithelia

• Adipocytes
• Mesothelia
• Melanocytes

Answer 3

• Epithelia = good
• Adipocytes = unable
• Mesothelia = good
• Melanocytes = usually too much/too little

Question 4

Describe the regenerative ability of articular cartilage and tendons

Answer 4

Poor

Question 5

What stimulates regeneration?

Answer 5

• Cell to cell communication

- Growth factors

Question 6

What is reconstitution?

Answer 6

Replacement of a lost part of the body

Question 7

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 7

The increase in tissue or organ size due to an increase in cell number (not permanent cells)

Question 8

Give 2 pathological examples of hyperplasia

Answer 8

• Eczema

- Thyroid goitres

Question 9

Give 2 physiological examples of hyperplasia

Answer 9

• Endometrium under the influence of oestrogen

- Bone marrow when hypoxic

Question 10

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 10

The increase in tissue or organ size due to an increase in cell size (permanent cell populations)

Question 11

How are hyperplasia and hypertrophy similar?

Answer 11

• Reversible

- Physiologically controlled

Question 12

What causes hypertrophy?

Answer 12

• Increased functional demand
• Hormonal stimulation
• Leads to more structural components

Question 13

What is compensatory hypertrophy?

Answer 13

One organ in a pair takes on the workload of the other due to loss of function/removal

Question 14

Give 2 physiological examples of hypertrophy

Answer 14

• Skeletal muscle

- Smooth muscle of the pregnant uterus

Question 15

Give 2 pathological examples of hypertrophy

Answer 15

• Cardiac muscle

- Prostate gland (causes hypertrophy of bladder smooth muscle)

Question 16

Give 3 examples of causes of cardiac muscle hypertrophy

Answer 16

• Valvular disease
• Hypertension
• Athletes (have chance to recover so no bad side effects)

Question 17

What is atrophy?

Answer 17

The shrinkage of an organ or tissue due to an acquired decrease in size/ decrease in number of cells

Question 18

Give three pathological examples of causes of atrophy

Answer 18

• Disuse
• Denervation (muscle)
• Inadequate blood supply (inadequate o2 and nutrition)

Question 19

Give a physiological example of a cause of atrophy

Answer 19

• Ovarian atrophy in post menopausal women

Question 20

What is the cause of organ/tissue atrophy?

Answer 20

A combination of atrophy and apoptosis

Question 21

What is metaplasia?

Answer 21

The reversible change of one differentiated cell for another (non permanent cells). Most clear in epithelia

Question 22

What is the cause of metaplasia?

Answer 22

Adaptation under stress

Question 23

What is dysplasia?

Answer 23

The abnormal maturation of cells within a tissue

Question 24

What is atresia?

Answer 24

The absence of abnormal narrowing of an opening or passage in the body

Question 25

What is involution?

Answer 25

The normal programmed shrinkage of an organ

Question 26

What is aplasia?

Answer 26

The lack of development of a specific organ/tissue in the embryo

Question 27

What is hypoplasia?

Answer 27

The under/incomplete development of a tissue/organ in the embryo

Question 28

Under what conditions do scars form? (3)

Answer 28

- Cell population is permanent - High amount of damage - Persistent harm

Question 29

Under what condition does resolution occur? (3)

Answer 29

- Removal of harm - Labile cell population - Limited damage