Culture
Shared patterns of values and learned behaviours transmitted socially overtime that distinguish the members of one group from another
Includes using language art forms and games to communicate with others establishing birth and death practises rearing children developing unique interpretations about the world forming organizations and making saving using and changing tools
Subculture
Is a group of persons within a larger culture of the same age Socio economic level ethnic origin education or occupation or with the same goals who have a unique identity but are related to the total culture in certain ways
Examples are ethnic family religious regional and socioeconomic
Ethnic
Pertains to a group of people distinguished from other people by race or nationality that possesses common physical and mental traits as a result of hereditary cultural traditions language or speech customs and common history
Example of a European ethnic subculture could be Slovakian (German Italian Polish or Slavic) Or Scandinavian (Danish Norwegian Icelandic finish or Swedish)
Cultural competence
Is the ability of a healthcare provider agency or system to respond to the unique trends of a population who is cultures are different from that of mainstream or dominant society
An educational process that includes self-awareness, cultural knowledge and the ability to develop working relationships across lines of difference, to be flexible and to use intercultural communication skills
(preservation of culture, accommodation to culture and repatterning [reorginizing different attributes of culture to new patterns of care])
Ethnicity
refers to identity with a particular racial, national, or cultural group and observance of that group’s customs, beliefs, and language.
Mores
morally binding attitudes or folkways (Practices, customs, or beliefs shared by the members of a group as part of their common culture) of central importance accepted without question and embodying the fundamental moral views of a group.
Customs
long-established practices having the force of unwritten laws.
Acculturation
the process of change occurring as a result of contact between cultural groups (a minority group’s adoption of the larger groups cultural mores).
Ethnocentrism
behaviour based on the belief that one’s own culture is superior, and, the tendency to evaluate other culture’s through the filter of one’s own culture, resulting in evaluating other cultures less favourably than one’s own culture.
Culture shock
on exposure to another culture, this is: feelings of bewilderment, confusion, disorganization, frustration and stupidity, and the inability to adapt to differences , word meanings, activities, use of time, and customs that are part of a culture different from one’s own.
Pluralistic society
a form of society in which members of minority groups maintain their independent cultural traditions [Canada is viewed as an example].
Identify and explain characteristics of culture
Culture Is Learned:
- the child learns to assume certain roles,
- behaviours and values are learned through transmission from one generation to the next
Culture is Stable but Changing:
- stabilizing aspect is traditions and nd group pressure
- stabilizing aspect is language even though meanings of words can change over time. Dialects re related to racial and ethnic, geographical regions
- cultural and language dif can have signif impact on miscommunication misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment
Culture has Components and Patterns:
- these are influenced by addition to climate, geography, use of natural resources, diet, genetic factors, health practises, etc.
- Componets of culture can inlcude: belief system({they might have an ethic code, or taboos). Transportation (how they get good and services. do they only walk or bus? Do they have an ox and cart in the colonies, etc.)
Discuss the possible impact of cultural variations on health maintenance, health promotion [please see powerpoint slides on health promotion], and nursing care. Consider:
o Minority group membership
o Indigenous status
o Health status of immigrants
o Culture-based value systems and prejudice
o The three principles for client therapy goals that provide direction to culturally competent health care providers
o The social determinants of health [see powerpoints on website as well]
.
The four key responsibilities for culturally competent practice established by the CAN [Canadian Nurses’ Association]
- Self Assessment: Understand your own personal attitudes and values in health to appreatchiate and understand others
- Cultural Knowledge: the true understanding of other’s health beliefs and values that can affect their responces to personal events (birthing, death/dying, traditional therapies [smudging])
- Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication: Use techniniques like listening, respecting, empathizing and being open
- Partnerships amoung clininets/providers/funding: It can be necessary to develop ways that incorporate culturally diverse practices into health care services to optimize clients health outcomes
Define and understand the difference between Egocentric, Homocentric and Ecocentric approaches to healthcare.
EGOcentric: Is grounded in the person and is based on the assumption that what is good for the individual is good for society. Is mechanistic. The environment is defined in relation to the individual person
Homocentric: Is grounded in society and reflects the utilitarian ethic of the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Social justice not individual progress is key. Public health nurses use epidemiology in diagnosing planning treating and evaluating community health problems epidemiology is considered homocentric because of its emphasis on the health of populations rather than the individual.
ECOcentric: Is grounded in the cosmos and the environment is considered whole living and interconnected. Thinks everything is connected to one another and that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
evolution of consciousness, self-transcendence, open systems, harmony, the relativity of time and space, pattern and holism. Meaning is dependent on context. Open systems are the dynamic and continuous interactions between the person in the world and are essential for the evolution of human consciousness. The environment is alive whole interconnected and interacting. The problem is it’s hard to justify when a non-human has value. Humans would use the last resource or species if it meant our survival.
Describe the benefits of moving to an ecocentric approach to healthcare.
Will force nurses to address worldwide environmental problems that effects the health of everything that exists
- solving global problems is a group issue and will involve people with different cultures and backgrounds
- this approach incorporated a lot of dif cultural mindsets so is perfect
- using both sides of the paper, shopping for eco-packaging, saving water, rechargeable batteries
- looking for links between breast cancer and environment which is easier to research with a global multidisciplinary perspective
Definition of health promotion, and the components of it
From charter.
Is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. To reach a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, an individual or group must be able to identify and to realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope
with the environment. Health is, therefore, seen as a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living.
PREREC’s
fundamental conditions and resources for health are peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable eco-system, sustainable resources, social justice and equity
ADVOCATE
Health promotion action aims at making
these conditions favourable through advocacy for health.
ENABLE
Health promotion action aims at
reducing differences in current health status and ensuring equal opportunities and resources to
ENABLE all people to achieve their fullest health potential.
MEDIATE
health promotion demands coordinated action by all concerned. Professional and social groups and health personnel have
a major responsibility to mediate between differing interests in society for the pursuit of health.
Minority group membership
.More minories are immigrating now could be because of war, religion, natural disasters, politics, economic policy failure
Indigenous status
- non-reserve rated health lower than average Canadians
- type 2 diabetes is extremely common (even higher in reserve pops)
- other non-reserve issues: high blood pressure, arthritis, asthma, stomach problems, heart problems, intestinal ulcers, rheumatism
- 69% of reserve aboriginals 18-24yrs rated health as good/excellent (vs. 71% of CAD pop)
- With each additional age group aboriginal health declines rapidly
- Inuit infiants suffers from more bacterial and viral infections
Health status of immigrants
- those in good health are better able to emigrate than in poor
- employability involves a certain health status (a factor in emigration)
- before admitted they must undergo a medical screening
- health status of immigrates who reside in Canada for decades deteriorates over time and tends to match the health status of Canadian citizens
Factors:
- length of residence in Canada (newer = lower depression/alcohol abuse)
- country of origin, gender, ethnicity, education
Culture-based value systems and prejudice
Attitude patterns make up a cultures value system which is a concept of how people should behave in various situations as well as which goals they should pursue and how. This value system may conflict with another cultures
prejudice- set of unfavourable, intolerant preconceived notions formed before important facts are known.
Nurses must examine their own cultural identity and see how it may impact their patient relationship.
The three principles for client therapy goals that provide direction to culturally competent health care providers
1) Cultural care preservation
- assistive, facilitation or enabling acts that perceive cultural values and ways of life viewed as beneficial to the client
2) cultural care accommodation
- assistive, facilitation or enabling acts that reflect ways to adapt or adjust health care services to fit clients needs, values beliefs and practices
3) culture care patterning
- alternate designs to help clients hance health of life patterns that are meaningful, the cognitive way in which one recognises different attributes and features of culture for new patterns of care to become evident and for retention and preservation of selected values, beliefs or practices of the culture
The social determinants of health [see powerpoints on website as well]
.are those determinants that are specifically related to societal factors.
Ex:Early childhood development Education Employment/working conditions Food security Health care services Housing shortages Income and equitable distribution Social exclusion Social safety nets Unemployment Employment security
