Identify the major milestones of puberty.
Puberty is triggered by a complex set of hormonal changes beginning at about age 7 or eight very large increases in gonadotropic hormones are central to the process in girls sexual maturity is achieved as early as age 12 or 13 sexual maturity is achieved later in the boys with the growth spurt or Karine a year or more after the start of genital changes
Puberty
-the collective term for the physical changes that culminate in sexual maturity.
-Starts when the pituitary gland signals a child’s adrenal gland to step up its production of androgen
-Adrenal androgen triggers a growth spurt in girls and affects development of pubic hair for boys it’s less significantt
Testes and penis and the ovaries uterus and vagina all grow breasts develop voice pitch changes and beard growth
Sexual development in Girls
- Early changes in breasts and pubic hair peak of the growth spurt development of breast and pubic hair first menstruation an event called menarche (~12.7yr) final stage of breast and pubic hair development
- It is possible to become pregnant shortly after menarche but a regular menstrual cycles make this highly unlikely
Secular Trend
- The decline in the average age of menarche along with changes such as an increase in average height for both children and adults that happened between the mid 19th and mid 20th century’s in Western countries and occurs in developing nations when nutrition and health improves
- In 1840 periods Started at roughly 17
- Body fat must be 17% before menarche can occur
Sexual Development in Boys
-Boys complete stage 23 and four of genital development and stage two and three of pubic hair development before reaching the peak of the growth spurt his first ejaculation or spermarche occurs between 13 and 14 but the production of viable sperm does not happen until a few months after this the development of a beard and Lauren a voice of her at the end of the sequence
Timing
-diet exercise and body fat contribute to the timing of puberty hereditary and behavioural factors also contribute to hormonal secretions
Review how the brains and other body systems of adolescents differ from those of younger children.
Myelination progresses steadily Throughout the brain during this. And there is an inverted you shaped developmental patterns in gray matter volumes from early childhood to adolescence as synaptogenesis is followed by synaptic pruning puberty is accompanied by a rapid growth spurt in height and an increase in muscle mass and fat boys add more muscle and girls add more fat becoming overweight and less fit is a growing concern for Canadian youth.
The brain
- The brains volume of gray matter follows an inverted U-shaped trajectory from early childhood to early adult hood the decreasing amount may reflect the process of pruning among the last brain regions to reach adult levels or areas within the frontal cortex that are linked to the control of impulses judgement and decision making
- The volume of white matter steadily increases in the four major lobes which is a developmental pattern that is associated with the cognitive behavioural and emotional differences between children and adults
the skeletal system
- Adolescence grow 5 to 13 cm a year then they add height and weight slowly until they reach their adult size with girls attaining most of their height by 16 and boys at 18 to 20
- A teenager’s hands and feet are the first body parts to grow to full size followed by arms and legs then truck
- The jar changes shape and joint development increases coordination
the musculature system
- Muscle fibres become thicker and denser and a lot stronger this increase is much greater and boys
- Proportion of fat rises amongst girls and declines amongst boys proportion of weight that is muscle rises in boys and declines in girls
the heart and lungs
-Heart rate drops greater endurance increase heart and lung sites
body weight in fitness
The rate of overweight adolescence increased to 20% obesity increased to 10% and fitness levels have declined significantly
Identify the issues involved with the sexual behaviour of adolescents.
. Roughly 2/3 of all Canadian teams have had sexual intercourse by the time they reach 19 years of age
Sex before age 15 is 9% current rate for 15 to 17-year-olds is 30% and for 18 to 19-year-olds it is 68%
37% of females and 27% of males age 15 to 24 so they did not use condoms which increases the rate of STI’s and unwanted pregnancy
only 3/4 of Canadian females reported consistently using birth control
STI
- Even if they are knowledgable many teens may lack the assertiveness necessary to resist sexual pressure or discuss condom use
- Chlamydia gonorrhoea and syphilis I’ve been on the rise in youth aged 15 to 19
Sex Education
-Must include both information motivation to use the information as well as behavioural training skills such as condom acquisition andSafe sex negotiation
Summarize the issues involved in teenaged pregnancy.
.Roughly 3 out of every 100 Canadian teenage girls become pregnant less than half of pregnant teenagers give birth the long-term consequences for the teens that give birth are generally negative although with support such women may overcome the disadvantages
- Slightly more than half of all pregnancies of 15 to 19-year-olds are terminated through abortion
- Children of teenage mothers are more likely to grow up in poverty
- These kids progress more slowly through developmental milestones
- Teenage girls that do well in school and have strong educational aspirations are less likely to get pregnant less likely to be sexually active early more likely to use contraceptive
Identify issues around emergence of sexual orientation and gender identity in adolescence.
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Hormonal genetic and environmental factors have been proposed to explain homosexuality the process of realizing ones sexual orientation is a gradual one that often isn’t completed until early adulthood transgendered teens are those whose psychological gender differs from their biological sex
Lesbian/Gay/Bi
- 96% of teens are heterosexual 1.4% or questioning 1% are exclusively gay or lesbian and 3.5% are bisexual
- If one identical twin is homosexual the probability that the other is 50% for ternal twins are only about 20% and only 11% for biologically unrelated boys adopted by the same family
- Woman whose mothers took the drug DES diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy or more likely to be homosexual as adults than women who are not exposed to DES in the womb
- Coming out is a gradual thing
Transgender
-May have been exposed to a typical amount of androgens in the room
-Most children who are attracted to cross gender activities and even those who expressed a desire to be the opposite gender do not exhibit transgender is him after puberty therefore this behaviour is not predictive
-Some seek. sex reassignment although at least half who explored this option rejected in favour of a less dramatic way of coping with her dilemma of those who do undertake the procedure most are happy with the results and experience relief from their distress
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Identify major factors impacting adolescent health, including;
o the impact of risk-taking behaviours
o patterns of drug, alcohol, and tobacco use among adolescents in Canada.
o Briefly review factors that contribute to eating disorders.
o Understand issues surrounding adolescent depression and suicide.
Sensation Seeking
Teens engage in higher rates of various kinds of risky behaviour including unprotected sex drug used and fast driving.
-More likely to dry faster follow too closely switch traffic lanes and you seat belts less.
-Lack of maturity in the prefrontal cortex might be cause of higher levels of sensation seeking
Drugs S,oking and Alcohol
Use of alcohol and marijuana remain high among Canadian teenagers but less so for the use of hard drugs and smoking. Sensation seeking and neuroticism are associated with alcohol and drug use and abuse.
Eating Disordera
Eating disorders such as boulimia and anorexia are more common among teenage girls and teenage boys. Some theorist have proposed biological and Socio economic costs. Others hypothesized that media images of thin models and celebrities because the body image distortions that underlie eating disorders. Still others emphasize the tendency of individuals with eating disorders to exhibit other kinds of disordered thoughts and be diagnosed with other psychological disorders.
Depression and Suicide
Depression and suicide or mental health problems that are common during adolescence. Genetics social stressors and low self-esteem are thought to be contributing factors. Although both depression and suicide attempts are more common among girls boys are more likely to succeed with a suicide attempt.
Describe the characteristics of thought in Piaget’s formal operational stage.
.Fort Piaget the formal operational stage is characterized by the ability to apply basic cognitive operations to ideas and possibilities in addition to actual objects
Formal operational stage:
-the forth of Piagets stages during which adolescents learn to reason logically about abstract concepts
Systematic Problem Solving
-the process of finding a solution to a problem by testing single factors
-pendelem problem. Adolescences will vary one variable (only string) to find out best solution vs children will vary combos (did string length and weight) which is ineffective
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Logic.
Hypothetical deductive reasoning ability to derive conclusions from hypothetical premises
-Deductive reasoning involves considering hypothesis or hypothetical Premises and then driving logical outcomes
-If all people are equal then you and I must be equal
Summarize some major research findings regarding the formal operational stage.
Although some adolescence the exhibit advanced forms of thinking formal operational thinking is not universal nor is it consistently used by those who are able to do it
- Can understand figurative language such as metaphors
- Can understand proverbs example people who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones (6 to 11-year-olds interpret this literally)
- Only two of the 20 grade 12 participants used formal operation logic on all 10 problems these results are similar to those in the 60s 70s and 80s
- This suggests that piagets predictions about adolescent thinking we’re overly optimistic
- Rates of formal operational thinking increase with education. Piagets Overly optimistic prediction may have resulted from his failure to appreciate the rule of education in the development of advanced thoughts
Describe what kinds of advances in information-processing capabilities occur during adolescence.
Memory function improves in adolescence as teens become more proficient in metacognition metamemory and strategy use. They process information faster and use processing resources more efficiently. Better at using strategies to solve problems.
Metacognition Metamemory and Strategy Use
- By 13 or 14 Meta cognitive skills far exceed those of younger children.
- Researchers taught elementary school and teenagers memory learning task and then got them to memorize new information only teenagers Inc. this new strategy. Teenagers excelled in their ability to recognize the similarity between the two tasks.
Text Learning
- Four rules for written summaries. First they would delete trivial information. Second their summaries would show categorical organization. Third the summaries would use topic sentences from the text. Fourth they would invent a topic sentences for paragraphs I didn’t have them.
- All ages used the first rule. 10 and 13-year-olds didn’t use other rules. 15 and 18-year-olds used categories. Only 18-year-olds used topic sentences effectively.
Identify what variables predict the likelihood of dropping out of secondary school.
.Those who succeed academically in secondary school typically have parents who have high aspirations for them those who drop out are less likely to find value in school life
Those who achieve in school despite backgrounds that include poverty or daunting obstacles likely have parents who had a high aspirations for them
- In 1990 17% of Canadians didn’t finish high school by 2014 this was 7%
- Children in low socioeconomic status families are more likely to leave school early teenagers who are living alone or come from families with no psychological support for academic achievement who have caregivers with low levels of education or negative attitudes towards education are also more likely to leave school early
- Dual credit programs provided by colleges or apprenticeship programs help reduce leaving school early
Long Term consequences
-Associated with higher unemployment as adult -lower wages as adult
Describe what happens during Erikson’s identity versus role confusion stage.
For Erickson adolescence is a period when a person face is a crisis of identity versus role confusion out of which the teenager must develop a sense of who he is where he belongs in his culture
Erikson thought that a sense of personal identity is far more important developmental task faced by adolescents
- Identity: and understanding of one’s unique characteristics and how they have been ordered and will be manifested across ages situations and social rules
- identity vs role confusion: Stage during which adolescents attain a sense of who they are
- Confusion about these rules leads to an identity crisis which is a state of emotional turmoil that arises when the adolescence sense of self becomes unglued so that a new or mature sense of self can be achieved
- And adolescents tendency to identify with peer groups is a defence mechanism against identity crisis by merging their individual identities with that of a group the teen protects them selves
- the group forms a base of security from which the young person can move towards a unique solution for the identity crisis
Discuss the ways that self-understanding in adolescence differs from that in childhood.
.Self definitions become increasingly abstract In adolescence with more emphasis on enduring internal qualities and ideology
Increasing stability of the big five personality traits as a result enduring traits such as shyness show up in adolescents self descriptions for more than they do in those of younger children
-Question who I am I is not met with physical attributes but with abstract traits or ideology
Describe how self-esteem changes across the teenage years.
.Self-esteem drop someone at the beginning of adolescent and then rises steadily throughout the teenage years
An overall rise and self-esteem throughout the lessons which increases slowly through early adult hood
- Factors that influence the teens self-esteem include personal characteristics relationships with significant others lifestyle factors and achievements
- High self-esteem is correlated with positive developmental outcomes a better ability to resist peer pressure and achieve higher grades
- Low self-esteem is associated with poor mental and physical health antisocial behaviour mean disorders anxiety depression and suicidal thinking
Describe the changing relationships of adolescents with their parents.
Adolescent parent interactions typically become somewhat more conflicted in early adolescence strong attachment to parents remain so and our predictive of good peer relations
Conflict with Parent
- Teens disagree with the parents most when it comes to every day issues such as chores. There are less parenting conflict over issues such as who they are dating drugs or appearance and sex
- Parent team conflicts appear to cause more distress for parents than for adolescence
Attachment
- Emotional attachment to parents remain strong
- A teen sense of well-being or happiness is more strongly correlated with the quality of their attachment to their parent then with the quality of their relationship with peers
- Good relationships with parents mean they are more likely to be academically successful and enjoy good peer relationships less likely to engage in antisocial behaviour
- Quality of attachment predicts drug use in later adolescence and early adult hood
Discuss the issues involved in adolescents’ relationships with peers.
.Teens today have more aquaintences that their parents did. Over the teen years friendships became increasingly intimate and stable. Adolescences value loyalty intimacy and faithfulness in their friends and typically form friendships with peers who share their interests and are their equals with regard to social skill development. In the early years of adolescence cliques are almost entirely same-sex groups. Between 13 and 15 cliques combine into crowds that include both male and females. This is the time when teens are more susceptible to pure influences. Crowds breakdown into mixed gender clicks and then into small groups of couples
Friendships
- Technology has a major role in friendships. With most teens either texting or instant messaging your friends regularly. This leads to having a wider range of acquaintances than their parents did. They place emphasis on popularity and peer acceptance. As they get older the quality of peer relationships gets more important.
- friendships are more stable. Loyalty and faithfulness become more valued. They choose friends who share their social status. And are committed to the same activities.
- Friendships and over a difference in maturity relationship status or athletic achievements for boys.
Peer Groups
-Peer groups become stable. Adolescence choose groups that share their values attitudes behaviour and identity status.
Changes in Peer Group Structue
- cliques are made up of 4 to 6 young people who appear to be strongly attached to one another. These involved within group aggressions aimed at maintaining the route status hierarchies.
- crowds are a combination of clicks which include both male and females. This is between 13 and 15.
- Identity prototype is labelling others and oneself as belonging to one or more of these groups to create or reinforce the adolescence own identity. example gamers Emo’s popular jocks
Explain the difference between primary and secondary aging.
It is important to distinguish between the unavoidable effects of primary agent and the preventable consequences of secondary ageing primary ageing is a consequence of biological factors that are largely uncontrollable secondary ageing can be influenced by lifestyle changes.
Primary aging (senescence) - is age related physical changes that have a biological basis and are university shared. Grey hair, wrinkles, changes in visual acuity
Secondary ageing - is age related changes that are due to social and environmental influences poor health habits or disease. Not experienced by all adults.
The rich living longer than the poor is caused by secondary ageing the degree of Socio economic inequality is related to the overall health of its citizens. Prosperous nations with high Socio economic inequality experience for overall health then less wealthy and egalitarian societies (japan/Sweden)
Disability adjusted life years a measure of the gap between the populations ideal and actual health levels it is derived from the number of years lost too premature death illness or injury and the number of years living with a disability. It assumes a potential life limit 82.5 years for women and 80 years for men
Health adjusted life expectancy is an estimate of life expectancy at birth it is the number of years that a newborn can expect to live in full health given current rates of morbidity and mortality.
Quality adjusted life years is a measure of how much benefit is gained and at what cost for any particular physical or mental intervention. It provides an estimate of the time a person will live at different levels of health over his remaining years of life
Identify what changes take place in the brain in early adulthood.
The brain reaches a staple size and weight in early adult life. There is strong evidence that the frontal lobe of the brain do not fully mature until young adult hood. This mirrors the development of cognitive abilities such as abstract reasoning and logic planning an emotional control.
Some parts of the brain produces new neurons to replace those that die even in the brains of older apps sis stimulated by and enriched environment as well as physical exercise
Response inhibition emerges in early adult hood helps you bite your tongue or keep you from putting your foot in your mouth or choosing the answer on a multiple-choice question too fast. this may depend on the ability of the frontal lobe of the brain to regulate the limbic system the emotional part of the brain
Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood.
.Adults are at their peak physically between ages 20 and 40 that is a person has more muscle tissue more calcium in the bones better sensory acuity greater aerobic capacity and a more efficient immune system
Declines in Physical Functionality
-vision mid40s lens loses accommodation power poor near vision. Hearing 50 or 60 loss of ability to hear very high and very long tones. smell 40 decline in ability to detect and discriminate different smells. Taste no apparent loss. Muscles about 50 loss of muscle tissue particular and fast twitch fibres used for burst of strength or speed. Bones mid30s loss of calcium in the bones called osteoporosis. Lungs and heart 35 or 40 most functions do not show age changes but do show age changes during work or exercise. Nervous system some loss of neurons in brain gradual reduction in density of dendrites gradual decline in total brain volume and weight. Immune system adolescence loss in size of famous reduction in number and maturity of T cells. Reproductive system mid 30s increased reproductive risk and lowered fertility. Gradual decline in viable sperm beginning at about age 40 for men. Cellular elasticity gradual loss of elasticity in most cells including skin muscle and tendon. Height 40 comprehension of discs in the spine result in loss of height of 2 to 5 cm by age 80. Weight non-linear weight reaches a maximum in middle adulthood and then gradually declines in old age. Skin 40 increase in wrinkles as a result of loss of elasticity Oil secreting glands become less efficient. Hair about 50 becomes thinner and me gray
Heart and Lungs
-maximum oxygen uptake VO to Max is a measure of the body’s ability to take in and transport oxygen to various body organs this declines systematically with age during exercise verses at rest shows minimal decline.
Speed and Strength
-General loss of speed and strength
Reproductive Capacity
-risk of mid carriage and other complications are higher in a woman’s 30s and in 20s men’s reproductive capacity declines as well but more slowly as long as the reproductive organs remain disease-free they can father children throughout their lives
Immune System Functioning
-two key organs in the immune system are the thymus gland and the bone marrow these create B cells and T cells. B cells fight against external threats by producing antibodies and T cells defend against internal threats such as transplanted tissue and cancer cells. T cells decline most in number and efficiency with age. The sinus gland declined dramatically after adolescence in both size and mass. By 45 thymus has only 5 to 10% of the cellular mass it had at puberty
Define locus of control
A set of beliefs about the causes of events
A person who has an internal locus of control sees herself as capable of exerting some control over what happens to her. One who has an external locus of control believes that other people or uncontrollable forces such as luck determine the future.
Identify what habits and personal factors are associated with good health.
Several longitudinal studies have shown that habits and personal factors influence good health. Lifestyle factors include avoiding smoking drinking over eating under eating and a sedentary lifestyle exercising getting regular sleep and having a low BMI. Personal factors include social support self efficacy and internal locus of control and optimism.
Health Habits
- Getting physical exercise not smoking not drinking over or under eating or snacking eating breakfast and getting regular sleep
- Only snacking and eating breakfast for unrelated to mortality those with poor health habits had a higher risk of mortality and were related to disease and disability rates. A sedentary lifestyle pre-disposes people to develop in life-threatening illnesses later
Social Support
-having adequate social support lowers your risk of disease death and depression. The size and perceived adequacy of a persons social network could be correlated with the functioning of the immune system.
A Sence of Control
- self efficacy the belief in one’s ability to perform some action or to control one’s behaviour or environment. Individuals who are high in self efficacy are more likely in those who are low to follow medical advice with regards to health problems such as cardiac rehabilitation following a heart attack.
- Locus of control also affects health if you only took half of your antibiotics for an ear infection and it didn’t go away you might think that’s just my luck instead of blaming yourself if you had an external locus of control
- The tendency to make realistic attributions is what it counts. The best outcomes happen when a person is able to accurately determine which aspects of their condition are controllable and which are not.
- optimism and pessimism. The pessimist who feels helpless believes that misfortune will last a long time will undermine everything and it’s her own fault. The optimist believes that setbacks are temporary and usually caused by circumstances he is convinced that there is always some solution and that things will work out. The optimist when faced with the challenge will try harder the pessimist will give up. Optimism Can enhance medication effects and optimists show larger benefits from medication
Describe the risks associated with sexually transmitted infections during early adulthood.
Sexually transmitted infections are more common among young adults then among older adults. High risk behaviours linked to STI’s include multiple sex partners unsafe sex practises and frequent to substance use.
HIV
is also more common in young adults than in other age groups. Men who have sex with men infections of HIV have levelled off. Injected drug users rate of HIV has also declined after puking in the early 2000s. However new infections are on the rise in heterosexual women and indigenous people 12% which is four times higher than non-indigenous
people
-Women are more likely to test positive between 20 and 49 versus men are more likely between 20 and 50
Prevention
-High-risk behaviours is having multiple sexual partners having sex without protection and frequently using drugs and alcohol. Many young adults are unwilling to insist on condoms and do not seek medical attention when they develop symptoms. They also do not tell their potential partners.
List/Identify which mental disorders occur most frequently in early adulthood.
Rates of mental disorder are higher in early adult hood then in the middle adulthood young adults are more likely to be depressed anxious or lonely then are the middle aged. early adult hood is the period during which personality disorders and schizophrenia are usually diagnosed. addiction to alcohol and drugs peaks between 18 and 40 binge drinking is a common problem in young adult hood
Causes of mental disorders
-explanation for the differing rates of mental disorder between young adults and middle-aged adults is that early adulthood is the period in which adults have both the highest expectations and highest level of role conflict and role strain. Mental disorders tend to run in families. Some studies demonstrate links between mental disorder and disturbances in specific brain functions. The current view is that mental disorders result from an interaction of biological psychological and social cultural factors.
Anxiety and mood disorders
- most common mental disorder that affects Canadians are those that are associated with intent or prolonged fear and anxiety. These include phobias generalized anxiety disorder OCD and panic disorder This affects 12% of the Canadian population.
- major depression is next most common affecting 4 to5% of Canadians. Rates of depression are higher in early adult hood either adolescence or middle-aged. This could be because in early adult hood people must create a new attachment relationships well at the same time separating from parents or because a person has brief periods in which there alone may result in feelings of loneliness and social failure
Personality disorders
- A personality disorder is an inflexible pattern of behaviour that leads to difficulty in education occupational and social functioning.
- The most common types are antisocial (Difficulty forming emotional attachments lack empathy) paranoid (Suspicious of others behaviours or motives) histrionic (Irrational attention seeking behaviour inappropriate emotional responses sexually seductive behaviour and clothing)narcissistic (Exaggerated sense of self importance craves attention and approval exploit others lacks empathy)and borderline (Unstable moods and relationships fear of abandonment tendency to self injury highly dependent on others impulsive and reckless).
- some people exhibit behaviours that suggest a personality disorder because of stressors such as a break up of a long-term relationship. For this reason professionals have to assess an individual’s long-term levels of functioning. Professionals also have to take in mind ethic and cultural standards and physical illnesses that can cause abnormal behaviors.
- They can become less severe in the manifestations with age but remains problematic throughout the adult life. They are not easily treated because those who suffer from them seem to believe their problems result from the behaviours of others rather than their own
Schizophrenia
- A serious mental disorder characterized by disturbances of thoughts such as delusions and hallucinations.
- affects onepercent of Canadians and is characterized by confused thinking false beliefs and a false sensory experience. People with schizophrenia are frequently hospitalized and powerful antipsychotic medications are used to help regain a sense of normalcy. Many continue to experience reoccurring episodes of disturbed thinking even when medication helps them gain control over the behavior.
- Genes related to synaptic pruning may play a role in schizophrenia. The gene complement component 4 (C4) found on chromosome six is overactive causing excessive an inappropriate synaptic pruning and results in a reduced number of synaptic connections in the brain of those with schizophrenia. The result is the loss of gray matter and abnormal amounts of critical thinning
Alcohol and substance use disorders
- Rates of alcoholism and significant drug addiction peak between 18 and 40 after which they decline. They are higher in men than women.
- binge drinking a pattern of behaviour in which a man consumes five or more drinks or a woman consumes four or more drinks on one occasion at least once a month over the past year. This was found to be 31% for young adults 20 to 34 compared with 24% 30 to 44 and 6% for those over 65. Heavy drinking continues especially for those who score high on sensation seeking traits.
- Binge drinking leads to higher rates of unprotected sex physical injury driving while intoxicated in trouble with the police.
- Substance abuse is a pattern of behaviour in which a person continues to use a substance even though it interferes with psychological occupational educational and social functioning. Four factors influence be addictive potential of a drug how fast the effects of the drug or felt how pleasurable the drugs effects are how long the pleasure lasts and how much discomfort is it experienced when the truck is discontinued.
Describe the concepts of crystallized and fluid intelligence and know the difference
Intellectual decline occurs quite late for well exercised abilities (crystallized abilities) such as recall of vocabulary every day memory use and normal problem-solving a measurable decline occurs earlier for so-called fluid abilities
IQ Scores
-IQ scores remain stable across middle childhood adolescence and early altered.Overall intelligence test scores actually rise in early adult hood and then remain quite constant until perhaps age 60 when they begin to decline
Crystallized and Fluid Intelligence
- Crystallized intelligence is knowledge and judgement acquired through education and experience. It consists of the sets of skills and bits of knowledge that every adult learns as part of growing up in any culture such as vocabulary and the ability to read and understand the newspaper balancing a chequebook using a computer.
- fluid intelligence is the aspect of intelligence that reflects fundamental biological processes and does not depend on specific experiences. This involves more basic abilities and depends more on the efficient functioning of the central nervous system. A common measure is a letter series test in which a participant is given a series of letters and must figure out what letter should go nextThis involves abstract reasoning. Most pests of memory and response speed also measure fluid intelligence. Fluid intelligence declines fairly steadily over adulthood beginning at 35 or 40.
It is safe to conclude that intellectual abilities show essentially no decline in early adult hood except at the very top levels of intellectual demand. in middle adult hood decline on fluid intellectual abilities becomes evident.
Explain what Erikson meant when he described early adulthood as a crisis of intimacy versus isolation.
Ericsson proposed that young adults who fail to establish a stable relationship with an intimate partner or a network of friends become socially isolated.
Essential crisis of early adult hood is intimacy versus isolation. This stage is when an individual must find a life partner or supportive friends to avoid social isolation. Individuals must engage in a supportive affectionate relationship without losing one’s own sense of self. They can also allow each other some degree of independence without feeling threatened.
-individuals that reached adulthood without establishing a sense of identity would be in capable of intimacy. Barriers can be sex differences in styles of interaction
