1st position
Situation from own perspective
2nd position
Situation experienced from other person’s perspective
3rd position
Situation experienced as an observer
Receiver
- Person’s behaviour makes sense from their perspective, is ‘normal’
- Attempt to join with person and communicate your understanding
- Choose how to deal with situation based on understanding of how other person is affected
Define communication
The process of making sense out of the world and sharing that sense with others by creating meaning through the use of verbal and non verbal messages
- Impossible NOT to communicate
- Can be intentional or unintentional, is prone to misinterpretation and misunderstanding
- Effective communication requires skills and effort
Transmitting a message process
Involves putting thought/feelings/ideas/images/attitudes into a form that can be recognised by another person = encoding
Factor 1 in influencing transmission: Person Characteristics
Person Characteristics:
- Implicit theories of communication (unconscious assumptions about how you should communicate which we take for granted and may never have questioned)
- Background and personality
- Perception of situation
- Emotional state
- History of the relationship
Factor 2 in influencing transmission: Encoding and Decoding Process
Encoding and Decoding Process:
- Meaning consists of our thoughts and interpretation other person makes of our message, Meanings not automatically transferred, instead created together during exchange
- Communication involves process of encoding (by sender) and decoding (by receiver)
Define messages
Verbal utterances (words and noises) and non verbal behaviours (communicate meaning)
Factor 3 in influencing transmission: Noise
Noise:
- Anything that interferes with communication of meaning
- External- sights, sounds etc that distract attention from message
- Internal- thoughts, feelings etc that distract attention from message
- Semantic- emotional reactions/distractions caused by interpretations of symbols
Factor 4 in influencing transmission: Feedback
Feedback:
- Any response to a message that indicates whether and how it was received and interpreted and can be verbal or non verbal.
- Allows sender to adjust their message to enhance understanding and can be provided and acted upon even while initial message is being sent
Factor 5 in influencing transmission: Context
Context:
- Setting in which communication is occurring, what precedes and follows what is said. Affects meaning and subsequent behaviour. Includes:
- Physical
- Social
- Historical
- Psychological
- Cultural
E.g. social networks, culture, class and status
