Forensic Psych > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

When did forensic psychology become more common?

A

Late 19th century

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2
Q

Where did forensic psychology begin to come forth?

A

US and Europe

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3
Q

Who first studied the eyewitness testimony?

A

James Cattell

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4
Q

Who showed that the testimony provided by children was highly susceptible to suggestive questioning techniques?

A

Alfred Binet

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5
Q

Who can the “reality experiment” that is now commonly used by eyewitness researchers to study eyewitness recall and recognition be attributed to?

A

William Stern

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6
Q

Who wrote a book that helped pave the way for psychology in the legal system?

A

Hugo Munsterberg

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7
Q

Which psychologist was greatly criticized for his opinions on certain crime cases?

A

Hugo Munsterberg

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8
Q

Who proposed that crime is largely a product of an individual’s body build, or somatotype, which is assumed to be linked to an individual’s temperament?

A

William Sheldon

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9
Q

Who proposed the constitutional theory?

A

William Sheldon

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10
Q

What are the biological theories of crime?

A

Constitutional, chromosomal, theory of lead exposure

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11
Q

What are the sociological theories of crime?

A

Strain theory, differential association theory, labelling theory

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12
Q

Who said that chromosomal irregularity is linked to criminal behaviour? (Men having 2 Y chromosomes are more aggressive)

A

Jacobs

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13
Q

Who was one of the first researchers to propose a link between childhood lead exposure (e.g., from paint and gasoline) and criminal behaviour?

A

Nevin

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14
Q

Who proposed that crime is largely a product of the strain felt by certain individuals in society, typically the lower class, who have restricted access to legitimate means (e.g., education) of achieving valued goals of success? (STRAIN THEORY)

A

Merton

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15
Q

Who proposed that criminal behaviour is learned through social interactions in which people are exposed to values that can be either favourable or unfavourable to violations of the law?

A

Edwin Sutherland

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16
Q

Who proposed that deviance (e.g., antisocial behaviour) is not inherent to an act but a label attached to an act by society?

A

Becker

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17
Q

What are the psychological theories of crime?

A

Biosocial, social learning, general theory

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18
Q

Who believed that some individuals (e.g., extraverts and neurotics) are born with nervous systems that influence their ability to learn from the consequences of their behaviour, especially the negative consequences experienced in childhood as part of the socialization and conscience-building process?

A

Eysenck

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19
Q

Who suggested that crime is learned in the same way that noncriminal behaviour is learned?

A

Akers

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20
Q

Who argued that low self-control, internalized early in life, in the presence of criminal opportunities explains an individual’s propensity to commit crimes?

A

Gottfredson & Hirschi

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21
Q

What field have the most significant contributions been from psychologist in Canada?

A

Corrections

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22
Q

What is a field of psychology that deals with all aspects of human behaviour as it relates to the law or legal system?

A

Forensic psychology

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23
Q

What is the difference between laws and values?

A

Laws - resolve disagreements (reflect values)

Values - standards for decision making (society sets standards on what’s acceptable and what’s not)

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24
Q

According to Heilbrun’s model of conceptualization in forensic psych, what is the research aspect of clinical forensic psychology?

A

Intervention effectiveness and epidemiology of relevant behavior and disorders

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25
According to Heilbrun’s model of conceptualization in forensic psych, what is an applied aspect of clinical forensic psych?
Forensic assessment, treatment in legal context and integration of science into practice
26
According to Heilbrun’s model of conceptualization in forensic psych, what is a research aspect of experimental forensic psych?
Memory, perception, child development and group decision making
27
According to Heilbrun’s model of conceptualization in forensic psych, what is an applied aspect of experimental forensic psych?
Consultation in jury selection, consultation litigation strategy, expert testimony
28
According to Heilbrun’s model of conceptualization in forensic psych, what is a research aspect of legal forensic psych?
Mental health law, legal movements
29
According to Heilbrun’s model of conceptualization in forensic psych, what is an applied aspect of legal forensic psych?
Policy and legislative consultation, model law development
30
Which psychologist emphasized the biological causes of crime in the late 1800’s?
Cesare Lombroso
31
Which early forensic psychologist developed the system of body-typing to connect people to delinquency?
William Sheldon
32
Who is considered the founder of forensic psychology?
Hugo Munsterberg
33
What was the hope of Hugo Munsterberg?
Raise position of psychology via the legal system - believed psychologists could be expert witnesses
34
What was the reaction of the legal community regarding Hugo Munsterberg and his beliefs?
Disagreed with Munsterberg, believed that laboratory had little to do with courtroom and that experimental psychology lacked practical knowledge
35
What was a period of inactivity in forensic psychology?
Little research between WWI and 1970’s. Until 1960’s, more work in legal field done by anthropologists, sociologists and psychiatrists
36
What happened in the resurgence of forensic psychology in the 1970’s?
Interest began to reappear and there was an emphasis on making naturalistic observations to understand social behavior and memory. 85% of literature on eyewitness ID published between 1978-1984. Social psychology expanded concepts to real-world topics
37
What is expressed as “statistically significant”?
Truth
38
What is the focus of psychology in the legal system now and in the future?
Move beyond laboratories and ask how their perspectives can improve decisions made in law offices and court rooms
39
What are some problems associated with forensic psychology?
Validity research, going beyond data to make moral judgments, intruding upon legitimate acitivities of the legal system
40
Does psychology have a part in the legal system in the future?
Science will assume a prominent role but social science will not have an impact in the future. Depends how obstacles are faced between lawyers and judges
41
What is the role of an expert witness?
A witness who provides the court with information (often an opinion on a particular matter) that assists the court in understanding an issue of relevance to a case
42
What is a stressor related to organizational issues?
Organizational stressor
43
What is a stressor related to the job itself?
Occupational stressor
44
What did the study on stress and balancing work and home life done by Duxbury and Higgins find?
police officers in Canada often experience tremendous difficulty balancing their work and home life.
45
What is a physical consequence of stress?
Constant activation of the stress response system which results in cancer, digestive problems, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, weight gain, diabetes, etc.
46
What is a psychological problem associated with extensive stress?
Acute stress, PTSD, depression and drug or alcohol abuse, marital problems, suicide
47
What is a consequence of stress in job performance?
Decreased work efficiency, productivity, absenteeism, tardiness, early retirement
48
Which stressors have more effect on police officers, organizational or occupational?
Organizational
49
What are programs in place to help police officers deal with stress?
Professional counselling services, resiliency training, psychological debriefings, special assessments, family assistance programs
50
What is used to help a police officer after they are involved in a trauma that brought on emotional distress?
Psychological debriefing
51
What are 4 sources of police stress?
Intra-organizational, inter-organizational, occupational, public
52
What is an example of a intra-organizational stressor for police officers?
Excessive paperwork
53
What is an example of an inter-organizational stressor for police officers?
Jurisdictional isolationism (competition between police stations)
54
What is an example of an occupational stressor for police officers?
Human suffering
55
What is an example of a public stressor for police officers?
Distorted press accounts
56
What is the profile of a serial killer?
Families appear to be “normal” but they have dysfunctional aspects (high rates of alcohol/drug abuse, emotional abuse, mother and father living together, intelligent kids)
57
What is the profile of a bank robber?
Young and impulsive, high on drugs, experiencing a personal crisis, desperate, repeat until caught (usually 4/5 bank robbers are caught)
58
What is the profile of an embezzler?
26 yo married white women, high school education, earned close to minimum wage, worked in entry level position for less than one year, marital/family problems
59
What is the profile of an assassin?
Fewer than half show signs of mental illness, many shifted from one target to another (value act more than victim), no communicated direct threat to target or law enforcement agencies
60
What is the profile of an arsonist?
Very few arsonists are apprehended, few witnesses and little evidence, young white male, loner, history of problems, committed by individuals and by groups, learning disabilities, substance abuse disorders
61
When did criminal profiling begin?
Jack the Ripper case in 1888
62
What is criminal profiling?
a technique for identifying the major personality and behavioral characteristics of an individual based upon an analysis of the crimes he or she has committed
63
What is the ViCLAS system?
It is a system to collect and analyze info of serious crimes across Canada. Officers input answers to over 100 questions into the computer database where it can be compared with other crimes
64
What is deductive profiling?
Profiling the background characteristics of an unknown offender based on evidence left on the crime scene
65
What is inductive profiling?
Profiling the background characteristics of an unknown offender based on what we know about other solved cases
66
What is geographic profiling?
Focuses on crime scene locations and estimates probable residence or base of operations of the serial offender
67
What is the concept of the organized-disorganized model of profiling?
Organized concept looks at the crime scene and whether or not it is a planned offence by use of restraints, use of vehicle, corpse not taken, little evidence at the scene Disorganized looks at the evidence at the scene and if it’s disorganized it was likely not planned
68
What is a danger of criminal profiling?
Investigator myopia (limit a search to suspects who fit most or all of the characteristics) False confidence (powers of profiling may be exaggerated in law enforcement circles)
69
What are ways to assist people in managing stress at work?
Make family priority over work Support from managers designing schedule-jobs Supportive managers Increased perceived flexibility (control over work hours and location)
70
What happens to the amygdala when experiencing stress?
Negative emotions activate the amygdala, which in turn activated the HPA axis (therefore stress) via the hypothalamus. Hypothalamus tells pituitary gland to release glucocorticoid, which reactivates the amygdala, and more glucocorticoid is released
Forensic Psych
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