what are the 4 most abundant elements in the body
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
what is the base of all know life forms
carbon
where do we obtain carbon
from air through plants
where do obtain oxygen
air
where do we obtain hydrogen
from water
where do obtain nitrogen
from plants which extract it from the spoil
needs to be in more reactive nitrate form
why is life carbon based
extremely versatile in terms of bonding capacity- single, double, triple
enables creation of complex molecules
what is the second best candidate for chemical foundation of life
silicon
very similar to carbon as it can form 4 covalent bonds
why is life carbon based and not silicon based
carbon- carbon bonds are stronger
more energy is released on combustion of carbon-carbon bonds
combustion product of carbon is carbon dioxide and remain in biosphere but silicon combustion product is pretty much sand
what bonds hold proteins together
non covalent bonds
making them easier to fold and less stable
why are weak bonds in proteins good
gives them the ability to be versatile
weak and transient bonds are needed and serve as a advantage
what are the disadvantages of weak bonds in proteins
slightly heating, change in pH, and pressure can causes misfolding and unfolding of proteins
what is the structure function relationship
the structure of biomolecules dictate their function
conformation
flexible spatial arrangement of atoms within a molecule
changes in 3D shapes, like different folding patterns
configuration
fixed spatial arrangement of atoms within a molecule
cannot be changed without breaking a covalent bond
double bonds or chiral carbons
cis and trans isomer structures
geometric isomers
the same chemical formula but differ in the configuration of groups in respect to non rotating double bond
cis configuration
groups on the same side of the double bond
trans configuration
groups on opposite side of double bonds
chiral carbons
4 different substituent groups attached these groups may be arranged in different ways in space yielding two stereoisomers that differ in their configuration
are the chemical and biological properties similar in stereoisomers
chemical properties are similar and biological activities are often distinct
rules of chiral carbons
no double or triple bonds, cant have identical groups, alpha carbon is the middle one
construction
biomolecules usually constructed from exclusively one stereoisomer proteins are built from L-amino acids
interactions
interactions between biomolecules as well as between biomolecules and small molecules are stereospecific
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Module 1: Foundations24
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Module 2: Water46
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Module 3: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins0
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Module 4: The Three Dimensional Structure of Proteins87
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Module 5: Hemoglobin and Myoglobin85
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Module 6: Enzymes127
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Module 7: Carbohydrates80
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Module 8: Lipids68
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Module 9: Biological Membrane and Transport97
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Module 10: Nucleic Acids105
