1
Q
gross anatomy
A
the study of the organs and structures of the human body visible to the naked eye
2
Q
pleura
A
membranes that cover the surface of the lung and the cavity surrounding the lungs
3
Q
visceral pleura
A
directly covers the lungs
4
Q
parietal pleura
A
covers the surfaces surrounding the lungs: the rib cage, diaphragm, and mediastinum
5
Q
pleura space
A
space and cavity in between visceral and parietal pleura
6
Q
main functions of respiratory system
A
air conduction
air filtration
exchange of gases (respiration)
7
Q
additional functions of respiratory system
A
vocalization
sense of smell
body’s pH regulation
8
Q
air conduction portion
A
nostril
pharynx
larynx
trachea
main bronchi
bronchioles: secondary and tertiary
9
Q
air filtration portion
A
- nostrils
- trachea
- bronchi
(hair, cilia and goblet cells)
10
Q
respiration portion
A
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- alveoli
11
Q
nasal cavities
A
fossae, composed of bone and cartilage, are made up of:
- nasal septum
- vestibule
- multiple nasal conchae or folds
12
Q
vestibule
A
the most external portion of the nasal cavity just inside the nostrils
- lined with stratified squamous epithelium
- vibrissae, short thick hairs, screen air for the respiratory tract
13
Q
nasal conchae
A
folds in the nasal cavity used to increase the surface area so that the incoming air can be warmed and humidified
14
Q
regions of the pharynx
A
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
15
Q
nasopharynx
A
- the connection area between the nasal cavity and pharynx
- generally above the soft palate
- eustachian tubes connect the nasopharynx to each middle ear
16
Q
oropharynx
A
- the region posterior to the mouth and anterior to the epiglottis
17
Q
laryngopharynx
A
- the area where the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus meet
- it is superior and posterior to the larynx
18
Q
hard/soft palate
A
separate the nasal cavities from the mouth
19
Q
aspiration
A
when food or liquid accidentally enters the trachea
20
Q
advantage of air/food passage through pharynx
A
- air can enter through the mouth in case the nasal cavity is obstructed (nasal congestion)
- allows for relatively normal breathing during eating
- permits greater intake of air during heavy exercise, when greater gas exchange is required
21
Q
glottis
A
an opening into the larynx or voice box
22
Q
vocal cords
A
flexible and pliable bands of connective tissue vibrate and produce sound when air is expelled past them them through the glottis from the larynx
23
Q
expectorate
A
spit up
24
Q
pneumonia
A
infection of the lungs
25
swallowing
- the larynx rises, epiglottis covers the trachea
- soft palate covers nasal palate
26
esophagus
passage for food; lies posterior to the larynx and trachea
27
main bronchi
enter the right and left lung
- resemble the trachea in structure
28
bronchi
- as bronchi tube divide and subdivide, their walls become thinner and rings of cartilage are no longer present
-
28
bronchioles
form the interface between the conducting portion and respiratory portions of the respiratory system
29
terminal bronchioles
the smallest air conducting bronchioles
30
respiratory bronchioles
the transitional zone in the respiratory system concerned with both air conduction and gas exchange
31
respiratory epithelium
lines the entire bronchial tree with ciliated, pseudostratified, columnar cells
32
bronchial tree
- trachea bifurcates into two main stem (primary) bronchi
- then branch into lobar (secondary) bronchi (3; right lung; 2 left lung)
- bronchi continue to subdivide (tertiary bronchi) until reaching 1 mm in diameter (bronchioles)
33
alveoli
- the site of gas exchange as well as the blood-air barrier
34
alveolar sacs
contains several alveoli
35
alveolar respiration
movement of air into and out of the alveoli
36
concentration gradient
- moving from a higher to lower concentration
- oxygen diffusing into the blood from each lung
- CO2 diffusing out of the blood into the lungs
37
histology
the study of the cellular anatomy of a tissue or organ that can be viewed through a microscope
38
cilia
- small hair-like projections
- apical side
- move or "beat" in an upward sweeping motion
- to keep the respiratory tract free of debris
39
apical side
at the apex or top of the cells
40
pseudostratified
appear to be in layers
41
basement membrane
"floor" of the epithelial tissue
42
columnar
taller than they are wide
43
goblet cells
- mucus producing cells
- mucus helps to trap debris within the respiratory tract
44
stratified squamous epithelium
- stratified means layered
- squamous means flattened
- multiple flattened layers
- found just inside the nostril (vestibule) of the nose
45
simple squamous
- a single layer of flattened cells
- allows for the exchange of gases to occur in the respiratory bronchioles
46
surfactant
- a lipoprotein that covers the luminal surface
- keeps the alveoli from sticking together during exhalation
47
types of cells in the alveoli
- type I alveolar cells
- type II alveolar cells
- alveolar macrophage
48
type I alveolar cells
- make up 95% of alveolar epithelium
- form the very thin, simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli in junction with capillaries
49
type II alveolar cells
-make up 5% of alveolar epithelium
- produce and secrete pulmonary surfactant (needed to keep the alveoli open)
-replace damaged type I cells
50
alveolar macrophage
- most abundant cell within the alveoli
- primary immune defense system of the alveoli
- phagocytize toxic particles, allergens, or infectious material (bacteria or another pathogen)
51
ventilation
inspiration (breathing air in) and expiration (breathing air out)
52
external respiration
gas exchange with the environment and the lungs
53
internal respiration
gas exchange at the tissues; O2 delivered to the blood and tissue fluid
54
aerobic cellular respiration
production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in cells by using oxygen
55
effective diffusion
gas-exchange region must be
(1) moist
(2) thin
(3) large in relation to the size of the body
56
negative pressure environment
created inside the lungs by the pleural space, which means that the pressure inside this space is less than that of the atmosphere
57
inhalation
- the rib cage lifts
- the diaphragm lowers
- the thoracic pressure decreases air will naturally move into the lungs
58
exhalation
- the rib cage is lowered
- the diaphragm rises
- the thoracic pressure increases
- air will naturally move out of the lungs where the pressure is lower
59
incomplete ventilation
The lungs do not completely empty during each breathing cycle
- air entering mixes with used air remaining in the lungs to conserve water and maintain a constant temperature.
60
hemoglobin
- four polypeptide chains
- each chain has iron group that binds to O2 called heme
- about 250 million hemoglobin molecules in each RBC
- each cell can carry more than one billion molecules of O2
61
carbaminohemoglobin
- hemoglobin combines w/ carbon dioxide in tissues
- remove carbon dioxide
- approx. 30% of CO2 is transported this way
62
bicarbonate ion
carbonic anhydrase (RBC enzyme) combines w/ CO2 and H2O
63
diaphragm
- a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
- the primary muscle in breathing
64
Boyle's Law
- pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume.
- higher pressure = lower volume
- less pressure = greater volume
65
Charles's Law
- the volume of a given quantity of gas is directly proportional to its temperature.
- higher temperature = greater gas volume
- lower temperature = lower gas volume
66
Dalton's Law
The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures (pp) of the individual gases
67
Spirometer
Apparatus for measuring the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs
68
tidal volume (TV)
amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing
- about 500ml of air
69
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
maximum amount of air able to be inhaled beyond normal inhalation
- around 3000mL of air
70
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
maximum amount of air able to be exhaled beyond normal exhalation (with determined effort)
- around 1200mL of air.
71
residual volume (RV)
amount of air remaining in lung that cannot be exhaled
- around 1300mL of air
72
vital capacity (VC)
ERV+TV+IRV
73
total lung capacity (TLC)
VC +RV
74
inspiratory capacity (IC)
TV+IRV (or) VC-ERV
75
functional residual capacity (FRC)
RV+ERV
76
respiratory rate (RR)
breaths per minute
77
minute volume (MV)
the amount of air moved through the lungs in a minute
78
emphysema
- causes damage to the alveoli
- alveolar inner walls become weak and rupture
- loss of alveoli = loss of alveolar ventilation ability + loss of total gas exchange
- difficult breathing at rest
- disease often caused by smoking
79
cystic fibrosis
- a hereditary disease
- goblet cells produce mucus w/o enough saline = thick mucus clogging respiratory tract
- chronic respiratory infections lead to respiratory failure
- shortened life expectancy
80
pulmonary edema
- an accumulation of fluid in the lungs
- caused by infections, cancers, and congestive heart diseases
- crackle sounds in auscultation
81
pleurisy
- inflammation of the pleura
- due to infection, cancer, or injury
- the pleural space fills up with air, pus, blood, or other fluids
- sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing
BIOD 151
flashcards
Decks in class (24)
# Cards
-
Module 282
-
3.1 Digestive System Overview2
-
3.3 Anatomy of Stomach, Intestines and Accessory Organs54
-
3.2 Anatomy of Mouth, Pharynx & Esophagus40
-
3.4 Physiology of the GI Tract37
-
3.5 Physiology of the GI Tract- Cell Metabolism21
-
LAB 3: Digestive System3
-
4.1: Anatomy of the Skeleton- Overview & Axial Skeleton53
-
4.2: Anatomy of the Skeleton- Appendicular Skeleton40
-
4.3: Physiology of the Skeletal System23
-
4.4: Joints and Ligaments31
-
LAB 4: Skeletal System29
-
LAB 4 Part 227
-
LAB 4 Part 332
-
5.1: Anatomy of the Muscular System43
-
Lab 5: Muscular System- Axial Muscles67
-
Muscular System: Appendicular Muscles216
-
Lab 6 Notes19
-
Module 6 Notes32
-
Lab 7 Notes17
-
Lab 815
-
7.1: Anatomy of the Integumentary System44
-
7.2: Physiology of the Integumentary System22
-
Final Exam46
