1
Q
Cell Theory
A
- all living things are made of cells
- cell is the basic unit of structure and organization
- all cells arise from pre-existing cells
2
Q
Organ Systems
A
- Skeletal system
- Muscular system
- Circulatory system
- Nervous system
- Immune (lymphatic) system
- Endocrine System
- Respiratory system
- Digestive system
- Urinary system
- Reproductive system
- Integumentary (skin) system
3
Q
Negative Feedback Control
A
control of condition such that a deviation from an optimal setpoint is 1) sensed 2) action brings value back to optimal setpoint 3) leads to termination of corrective action
4
Q
Glucose in body
A
- many types of sugar (fructose, sucrose, glucose)
- glucose is the molecule our body’s use for short-term energy storage
- all cells in our body can use glucose for energy
- our circulatory system delivers glucose to our cells
5
Q
Blood glucose homeostasis
A
- digestive system breaks down food into smaller parts, including glucose (from bigger carbohydrates)
- glucose is absorbed into circulatory system (blood)
6
Q
Too little/too much glucose
A
- too little glucose- hypoglycemia, cells would starve and be unable to function properly
- too much glucose in blood- hyperglycemia, blood becomes thick and can’t go everywhere it needs to go, extra sugars make it hard for cells to function correctly
- blood glucose fluctuates throughout the day, maintained at a relatively constant level
7
Q
Blood Glucose throughout the day
A
- normal fasting glucose is between 70 - 100 mg/dl
- glucose will spike after you eat
8
Q
Blood glucose homeostasis
A
- pancreas senses when glucose levels are too high or too low
- responds by releasing hormones- small chemical messengers
- can act on different parts of the body
9
Q
Endocrine/Hormone
A
- various glands that make and secrete hormones
- hormones- like growth hormone, insuline, adrenaline
- hormone is a chemical that is transported through the circulatory system to regulate a function
- hormones communicate with different parts of the body, telling them what to do
10
Q
Blood glucose too high response
A
- pancreas releases insulin (hormone)
- insulin causes blood glucose to go down
- insulin from pancreas gets absorbed into bloodstream
- helps glucose get out of blood and into cells that can use it or store it
- blood glucose decreases
11
Q
High Blood Glucose
A
- glucose goes from blood to tissues, and gets stored as glucagon
- causes blood glucose to go down
- insulin stops being released by pancreas
12
Q
Low blood glucose
A
- pancreas releases hormone glucagon
- glucagon stimulates liver to break down glycogen into glucose and release it into blood
- blood glucose increases
- pancreas stops releasing glucagon
13
Q
Negative Feedback Loops
A
- stimulus- deviation from optimal condition
- sensor- detects deviation
- control- decides what action is needed
- effector- actors that will oppose stimulus
14
Q
What happens when you have no insulin
A
- weight loss
- fatigue
- weakness
- hunger
- frequent urination
- dehydration
- thirsty
- increased infections
- blood flow becomes thicker: poor blood flow, nerve damage, slow healing, blurry vision, numbness in extremities, cardiovascular disease, death
15
Q
Type 1 Diabetes
A
- autoimmune disease
- immune system attacks cells in pancreas that make insulin
- eventually no insulin is made
- usually appears in childhood
Treatment: monitoring blood glucose, administering insulin
16
Q
Type II Diabetes
A
- progressive disease
- begins with insulin resistance
- muscle and fat cells fail to respond to insulin- these cells are really important for clearing excess glucose out of blood
- blood glucose rises
- pancreas pumps out more insulin to compensate
- overtime compensation no long works, homeostasis is lost
- treatment: diet and exercise
Biology
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