Module 2 (Ch. 15)

Question 1

What is a community?

Answer 1

• common characteristics
• bound by time
• interaction amongst members
• connections

Question 2

3 essential characteristics of PHN

Answer 2

• community-oriented
• population-focused
• relationship based

Question 3

Community oriented

Answer 3

aids in the goals, values, and beliefs of the community (interacts)

Question 4

population oriented

Answer 4

a group of people that share one common interest

Question 5

Relationship oriented

Answer 5

connect with relationship/communicate with the client. Trustworthy, education, implement.

Question 6

purpose of theories and models for C/PHN

Answer 6

higher level of thinking than those that came before us

theory -> concepts -> conceptual model

Question 7

Nightingale (powerful force of flo)

Answer 7

• our foundation (nursing and especially PHN)
• Focused on preventive care
• death rate 420/1000 soldiers - her first 2 months
• rate reduced 22/1000 soldiers - after 6 months
• she studied how the environment effects the patients

Question 8

Neuman’s Health Care Systems Model

Answer 8

• system perspective on relationships between people, environment, nursing care & health
• Circular boundaries representing resistance and defenses which protect against environmental stressors

Question 9

Salmon’s Construct for PHN (model)

Answer 9

• describes the focus of PH & guides PHN in providing care according to 3 priorities and 3 categories of intervention

Question 10

Minnesota Wheel - The PH Interventions Model

Answer 10

• Presents PHN as a specialty

- explains how PHN improves population health

Question 11

Public Health Nursing Practice Model (LAC PHN)

Answer 11

• Clarifies and guides PH practice
• Blends PHN practice and PH principles
  
  • Public Health Nursing Standards of Practice
  • 10 essential public health services
  • 12 leading health indicators (from healthy people 2030)
  • Minnesota Public Health Nursing Interventions Model

Question 12

Adhere to 8 Principles of Public Health Nursing

Answer 12

• focus on community
• give priority to community needs
• work in partnership with the people
• focus on primary prevention
• promote a healthful environment
• Target all who might benefit
• Promote optimum allocation of resources
• collaborate with others in the community

Question 13

Healthy Community

Answer 13

Healthy People 2030
- USDHHS published 5 main goals
National Prevention Strategy (NPS)
- Directions and priorities derived from healthy people 2030
- The roadmap to meeting the health prevention goals
Strategic directions
- core recommendations p.423

Question 14

Healthy Community Priorities

Answer 14

• tobacco free living
• drug and alcohol use prevention
• healthy eating
• active living
• injury and violence free living
• reproductive and sexual health
• mental and emotional well-being

Question 15

Dimensions of the community as a client

Answer 15

Another perspective:
- Location: (community boundaries, location of health services, geographic features, climate, flora, fauna, human-made environment)
- Population: (size, density, composition, rate of growth or decline, cultural characteristics, social class and educational level, mobility)
- Social System: (health, family, economic, educational, religion, welfare, political, recreational, legal, and communication)
health care delivery system is of central importance

Question 16

Applying the Nursing Process

Answer 16

• use to problem-solve, manage, and implement change
• quad council core competencies (expected roles of the PHN)
• Deliberative, adaptable, cyclical, client focused, interactive, and need oriented

Question 17

Developing a relationship with clients

Answer 17

• one to aggregate approach
• partnerships
• coalitions

Question 18

Community Assessment

Answer 18

• 1st step
• Necessary for public health accreditation and required by the affordable care act
• 2 steps process
  
  1. collect pertinent data
  2. Analyze and interpret data

Question 19

Assessment type - Familiarization/windshield survey

Answer 19

studying data already available on a community and then gathering a certain amount of firsthand data in order to gain a working knowledge of the community.

Question 20

Problem-oriented assessment

Answer 20

begins with a single problem and assesses the community, the nurse would identify resources, programs, and support networks of potential benefit to the family.

Question 21

community subsystem assessment

Answer 21

C/PHN focuses on a single dimension of community life. for example, the nurse might decide to survey churches and religious organizations to discover their roles in the community.

Question 22

Comprehensive assessment

Answer 22

seeks to discover all relevant community health information. it begins with a review of existing studies and all the data presently available on the community.

Question 23

Community assets assessment

Answer 23

Focuses on the strengths of a community and evaluates the needs that exist, the goals to be achieved, and the resources needed to carry out a study.

Question 24

Surveys

Answer 24

an assessment method in which a series of questions is used to collect data for analysis of a specific area or group.

Question 25

Descriptive epidemiologic studies

Answer 25

a tool used to suggest which individuals are at greatest risk and where and when the condition might occur.

Question 26

Geographic information system analysis

Answer 26

A technology integration of research methods and analytic techniques from both medical geography and spatial epidemiology. It well documents, collects, organizes, and display public health data. It also is widely used in assessment and research of health disparities resources available, and health - related behaviors.

Question 27

Community forums/social media

Answer 27

a qualitative assessment method designed to obtain community opinions. It takes place in the neighborhood of the people involved, perhaps in a school gymnasium or an auditorium. - members come from within the community and represent all segments of the community that are involved with the issue

Question 28

focus groups

Answer 28

a group of people who are asked about their attitude towards a product, service, advertisement or new style of packaging - max of 15 people

Question 29

Data sources

Answer 29

Primary: gathered by talking to the people Secondary: records produced by people who know the community well international national state local Official vs nonofficial data (official data comes from a government entity)

Question 30

Data analysis

Answer 30

- make inferences or conclusions - 1st validate the data - categorize and determine significance - analyze statistically - again validate all assumptions (validate data by assessment team rechecking it, rechecked by others, compare subjective and objective data, verify by community members)

Question 31

Community diagnosis

Answer 31

- describes a situation and implies reason or etiology - substitute "patient" with a ? in a nursing diagnosis - adapt terminology to wellness focus - consider total system - wellness diagnosis - deficit community diagnosis - specific community diagnosis

Question 32

Planning (community development)

Answer 32

- orderly, detailed series of actions - set priorities (PEARL) - Specific goals and objectives (SMART objectives) - Include others Planning: tools for assistance; operational definitions of objectives and activities, conceptual frameworks and models, systematic approach

Question 33

PEARL

Answer 33

Propriety (conventionally accepted standards of behavior or morals), economics, acceptability, resources, and legality

Question 34

SMART

Answer 34

Specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, time frame

Question 35

Implementing

Answer 35

- putting plan into action - work with the community - help people learn to help themselves - be flexible so you won't get bent out of shape - the nurse always sets the tone for the group

Question 36

Evaluating

Answer 36

- measuring and judging effectiveness - final step for this cycle - evaluate through the entire process (formative and summative) - evaluate the impact - how close did it come to attaining its goals?

Question 37

Formative (evaluation)

Answer 37

focus on process during actual interventions; development of performance standards

Question 38

Evaluating - summative

Answer 38

focus on the outcomes of interventions; effect; impact

Question 39

Community Development Theory

Answer 39

- defined - community members address their own needs in partnership with health care providers - empowers community members to work with health care teams - PHN seeks full participation - Benchmarking - Best practices

Question 40

Benchmarking

Answer 40

comparing outcomes against those of similar or to the excellent standard set by another organization

Question 41

Best practice

Answer 41

quality care based on a specific standard or point of view