Module 2 (part b)

Question 1

Amazon Molly

Answer 1

• Was the first vertebrate in which unisexuality was recognized.
• All individuals are females.

Question 2

Parthenogenic Reproduction

Answer 2

Parthenogenesis occurs when females mate with, and receive sperm transfer from a male sailfin molly or a male shortfin molly.
(but there are no male mollies.)

Question 3

Parthenogenesis

Answer 3

• In which the sperm do not fertilize the eggs, it only serves to activate the diploid eggs to develop
  NOTE: All offspring produced are females that are clones (genetic copy) of their mother.

Question 4

Parthenogenetic diploid species adult females are…

Answer 4

homozygous at all gene loci therefore all the progeny are also homozygous.

Question 5

Apomixis (in plants)

Answer 5

Asexual reproduction within fertilization.

Question 6

Sexual Reproduction Definition

Answer 6

Production of new individuals by joining of gamete to form a cell (zygote) by the process of fertilization.

Question 7

Asexual Reproduction Advantage

Answer 7

• large number of offspring produced rapidly
• Only one individual required

Question 8

Asexual Reproduction Disadvantage

Answer 8

• Limit or no genetic variation

Question 9

Sexual reproduction of flowering plants…

Answer 9

-Self-fertilization
- Cross-fertilization ——> Pollination

Question 10

Animals

Answer 10

• Cross Fertilization

Question 11

Hermaphrodites Example

Answer 11

Earthworms and Planaria

Question 12

Sequential Hermaphroditism

Answer 12

Some plants and animal species begin life as one sex, changing sometime to the other is a process called…

Question 13

What does the loss of the dominant female prompts?

Answer 13

A sex change in her male partner and maturation of the most dominant immature fish as the new breeding male.

Question 14

Sexual Reproduction

Answer 14

Production of new individuals by the exchange of genetic material form two individuals of different mating types.

Question 15

Sexual Reproduction Advantage

Answer 15

• Increases genetic variation to new genotypes.
• Enhances reproductive success in changing environments

Question 16

Sexual Reproduction Disadvantage

Answer 16

• Locate a mate

Question 17

Conjugation

Answer 17

Two organisms fuse along a common surface and exchange genetic material (gene transfer ——> genetic variation).
- There are no increase in the number individuals.

Example; Paramecium

Question 18

What does high genetic diversity means?

Answer 18

Greater ability of some individuals to survive in a changing environment.

Question 19

Paramecium

Answer 19

• use both sexual and asexual reproduction
• Uses Binary Fission as asexual reproduction.
• Uses Conjugation as sexual reproduction.

Question 20

Viruses

Answer 20

• consists of genetic material (nucleic acid, DNA, or RNA)
• Contained within a protective protein coat called a capsid.
• Do not contain all 4 biomolecule
• Do not have a cellular structure
• Unable to replicate outside of a living system
• Do not reproduce.
• They infect the cells of living organisms. “infectious agents” which cause disease.

Question 21

Viroids

Answer 21

• Infectious particle of plants
• Do not have a cellular structure
• Depend upon enzymes of plant host for replication
• Lack proteins
• Consist of a small RNA molecule
• RNA of viroids do not code for any proteins

Question 22

Prions

Answer 22

• Are non-living entities
• More simple than viruses
• Lack hereditary material (DNA or RNA)
• Do not have a cellular structure
• Infectious agent
  (brain disorder)

Question 23

Viruses, viroids and prions…

Answer 23

Are non-living entities and lack cellular structure.

Not capable of reproduction or “independent” metabolism.

Question 24

Water

Answer 24

• Is the matrix of life.
• 60% body mass of most animals and 95% of some plants
• Maintains osmotic pressure in cells.

Question 25

Hypertonic

Answer 25

External solution that has a high solute concentration and low water concentration.

Question 26

Hypotonic

Answer 26

External solution that has a low solute concentration and high water concentration.

Question 27

Isotonic

Answer 27

External solution that has the same solute concentration and same water concentration.

Question 28

Water always moves form a _________ to __________.

Answer 28

Low salt concentration to high salt concentration.

Question 29

Isotonic:-

Answer 29

Solute outside = Inside cell NO CHANGE

Question 30

Hypotonic:-

Answer 30

Lower Solute outside cell CELLS RAPTURE AS WATER ENTERS

Question 31

Hypertonic:-

Answer 31

Higher solute outside cell CELL SHRINK AS WATER EXITS

Question 32

Adaptation

Answer 32

Is the evolutionary process whereby a population becomes better suited to its habitat. (Inherited characteristic of living organisms that enhances their chance of survival and reproduction in specific environments.)

Question 33

Water and species

Answer 33

Each species is adapted to a set of environmental conditions dehydration - loss of body fluids below normal range.

Question 34

What can be a significance cause of water loss?

Answer 34

Respiration

Question 35

Main water source is by...

Answer 35

metabolizing fat stores

Question 36

Counter-current exchange

Answer 36

Mechanism that minimizes water loss from respiratory system.

Question 37

Heat:-

Answer 37

Moves from warmer to colder temperature

Question 38

Inhalation

Answer 38

As an animal inhales. air from the environment passes across the nasal turbinate and it is warmed and moistened.

Question 39

Exhalation

Answer 39

When animal exhales, warm water-saturated air from the lungs passes across the cool nasal turbinates.

Question 40

Water stores in _______ then swallowed.

Answer 40

Sinuses

Question 41

Surface areas...

Answer 41

of 1000 cm^2 Humans: 160-180 cm^2

Question 42

Camel Adaptations

Answer 42

- Pads on the feet for walking on hot soft sand, toes spread out for better grip. - Long strong legs for carrying load on back and keeping body further away from sand - A hard fat layer of skin around stomach and thick leathery patches on knee protects camel from the extreme heat while seating on the sand. - Long thick eye lids with double lashes reduce sand in eyes. - Thick (tough) split lips to eat thorny desert plants. - Hump: storage area for fat (food) supply in times of need

Question 43

Camel Adaptation to avoid dehydration

Answer 43

- Metabolic water results to avoid dehydration. - Thick fur insulates body against extremes of heat during the day and cold at night. - Regulate their body temperature (Camel do not sweat. Does not overheat that reduce water loss and energy.) - Can rehydrate very quickly (>200 liters in 3 minutes) - can go for 2 weeks without drinking water. - Extremely long intestine (colon) for reabsorbing water - Concentrated urine (preventing water loss)

Question 44

Camel Regulates body temperature

Answer 44

As environmental temperature increases, the camel can raise its body temperature, prevent sweating which prevents water loss.

Question 45

Important:-

Answer 45

Air that is warmer than the body tends to heat an animal because heat always flows from a higher to a lower temperature.