These are the skills needed for a reader to become fluent: 4 things
- print concept
- phonological awareness
- phonics/word recognition
- fluency
Phonological Awareness
Print is not attached to phonological awareness skills; it is all auditory and oral.
Phonological Awareness: Least to Most complex 5 things
- Word Awareness (sentence segmentation)
- number of words in a sentence - Rhyming and alliteration
- rhyming: what word rhymes with mat
- alliteration: pick out picture that doesn’t belong - Syllables
- how many syllables are in a word - Onset rhyme
- onset is first part of word (s in sit) - phonemic awareness
Phonemic Awareness Definition
Phonemic Awareness is the understanding that words can be broken down into individual phonemes (sounds).
Phonemic Awareness from least to most complex 4 things
- Isolation
- Blending
- Segmenting
- Manipulation (Adding, Deleting, Subsituting)
Phonological awareness should be what 3 things:
Explicit- state clearly and in detail
Systematic- done according to a plan or system
Multisensory- engages more than one sense at a time
Systematic instruction
Systematic instruction follows a logical scope and sequence in which introduced skills gradually increase in complexity. New concepts build on skills students have previously learned.
Explicit instruction
Explicit instruction is appropriate for all students when introducing a new skill or concept, or when reinforcing previously taught concepts.
When teaching students to segment phonemes, the teacher would introduce the new concept explicitly and systematically, modeling and guiding students through each step of the process before students practice independently.
Multisensory strategies
Elkonin boxes, colored counters, finger tapping, clapping syllables, hand motions, and visuals
Concepts of print definition
Concepts of print is a term that refers to the knowledge that print carries meaning. This includes an understanding of book organization, letters, words, directionality, and punctuation.
Young learners can develop a degree of print awareness through exposure to _____________ __________. This term refers to the words that children frequently encounter in their surroundings, such as labels, logos, and signs.
environmental print
3 types of letter knowledge
- Letter recognition- ability to identify and match letters
- Letter Naming-ability to name letters
- Letter Formation- ability to form/write letters
Alphabetic Principle
The alphabetic principle is the concept that letters or letter combinations represent spoken sounds. Students need multiple exposures to efficiently link letters to their corresponding sounds.
Activities that promote letter-sound correspondence
- Letter sound cards or flashcards
- Alphabet boards or letters taped onto keyboards
- Trace or form letters
- Sort items into groups based on first sound
- alphabet books
Phonics
Definition: Phonics is the relationship between a specific letter and its sound, only as it relates to the written word
Phonics instruction is the step-by-step process of teaching the alphabetic principle. It focuses on teaching the consistent, predictable sounds connected to letters in our written language.
Phonics elements include:
Consonants (b as in boy)
Consonant blends (bl, which has two sounds, as in bled)
Consonant digraphs (wh, which has one sound, as in when)
Vowels (e, as in egg, eagle, etc.)
Vowel digraphs (ai, which has 1 sound, as in wait)
Diphthongs (oi, which is two vowels making their own sound with the first more prominent, as in oil)
Phoneme definition
a single unit of sound
grapheme definition
the letters that represent spoken sounds
morpheme definitions: 6
morphemes: the smallest meaningful unit of language
free morpheme: a base word that can stand alone (heat)
Bound morpheme: a word part that cannot stand alone (s, un, ject)
Inflection morpheme: a suffix that changes the words tense or implies possession or comparison (run- running) running is not a new word, just a change in tense
derivational morpheme: creates a new word. A morpheme that derives or creates a new word
Ex: obey → disobey
compound words: Words are created by joining free morphemes together
Ex: rain + bow = rainbow
Onset definition
The initial consonant or consonant clusters in a word. (example: h in the word “hop”)
Rime definition
The vowel sound and the consonants which follow. (example: -op in the word “hop”)
Syllable definition
A word or part of a word that has one vowel sound.
Diagraph definition 2
A combination of two letters representing one sound such as th, sh, or ch.
vowel diagraph: Two vowels represent one sound such as “oa” in boat or roam. Also known as a vowel team.
Blend definition
Two or more consecutive consonant sounds that retain their individual sounds, such as “st” in “last”
or “spr” in spring.
Use blending board or mat
