what is regulation of respiration
purpose - to maintain normal levels of PO2 and PCO2 in arterial blood
* central controller (respiratory centre in brain)- brain stem, cerebral cortex
* sensors (chemical regulation) - chemoreceptors, pulmonary receptors
* effectors (mechanical regulation) - respiratory muscles
managemet of asthma
treatment goals
* control symptom day to day/ preventing acute attacks
* maintaing the airway during an acute attack
prevention
* test peek expiratory flow rate
* avoid triggers
clinical manifestations of asthma
- common cold
- chest pain
- sleep problems
- headache
- wheezing
- allergy
- cough
- fatigue
pathophysiology of asthma
- inital exposure to allergen
- specific antibodies produced to attack allergen/ foregin substance
- minimal symptoms
- once produced, these specific antibodies will bind to mast cells within the lung tissues
- re-exposure to allergen
- IgE activated and causes the rupture of the mast cell
- chemical reactions/ processes will occur
what causes asthma?
- genetic
- environmental
- lifestyle
- thunderstorm asthma
factors effecting the mechanics of ventilation
- alveolar surface tension and ventilation
- elastic properties of the lung and chest wall
- airway resistance
- work of breathing
what is management of COPD
- reduce or eliminate risk factors
- vaccination
- pharmacological management
- long term therapy oxygen
- smoking replacement
what are the symptoms/ signs of pulmonary hypertension?
- bluish lips or skin
- chest pain
- fluttering chest sensation
- short of breath
- fatigue or weakness
- tired
- dry coughing
- rapid weight gain
- abdo bloating
- swollen ankles or legs
complications of COPD
- pulmonary hypertension
- heart failure
- osteoporosis
clinical manifestations of COPD
- chronic cough
- wheezing
- chest tightness
- weight loss
- fatigue
what are the risk factors and causes of COPD
- tabacco smoking
- genetic factors
- increasing age
- female gender
- pollution
- exposure to particles
- lower socioeconomic status
adverse effects of leukotriene receptor antagonists
- headaches
- nausea
- dizziness
- insomnia
- gastric upset
what are long acting B2 agonists
mechanism of action - long acting bronchodilator effects can last 12 hours
what is long acting muscarine antagonist
mechanism of action - block the bronchoconstriction effect of acetlycholine on muscarinic receptors within the smooth muscles of the airway
* duration of action 12-24 hours
* controls symptoms of asthma and COPD
what is short acting B2 adrenergic agonists
- they begin to take effect wihtin 5-15 minutes of being administered
- the adverse effects occur as a result of stimulation of B1 adrenergic receptors
- adverse effects can include tachycardia, palpitations and headaches
what are preventative therapy for patients with asthma
- inhaled corticosteroids
- long acting beta 2 agonists
- leukotriene receptor antagonist
adverse effects of prednisolone can include
- nasuea and increased blood glucose
adverse effects of corticosteroids
ICS adverse effects
* thrush
* URTI
* hoareness
oral adverse effects
* headaches
* nausea
* dizziness
* insomnia
what is the most commonly used short acting beta 2 agonist drug
salbutamol
the use of SABA drugs will do what to the airway resistance
decrease
what is the most common adverse effect of SABA drug is what?
tachycardia
what has more adve rse effects bebtween oral corticosteroids and inhaled corticosteroids
oral corticosteroids
adverse effects of prednisolone include what
- nausea and increased blood glucose
