what is acute coronary syndrome
- ACS is associated with deterioration of a once- stable atherosclerotic plaque→thrombus
- Partial or full occlusion
- Patients with suspected ACS require immediate hospitalisation.
what are the risk factors of CAD
- age
- gender
- genetic
- hypertension
- tobacco use
- obesity
- diabetes
- metabolic syndrome
- physical inactivity
what is atherosclerosis?
- begins with soft deposits of fat that harden with age
- referred to as hardening of arteries
- deposits of lipids within the intima of the artery
management of CAD
- lifestyle changes
- pharmacological management
- coronary bypass surgery
- coronary angioplasty and stenting
chronic stable angina
cause
* myocardial ischaemia, usually secondary to CAD
characteristics
* episodic pain lasting 5-15 minutes
* provoked by exertion
* relieved by rest
what is unstable angina
cause
* rupture of thickened plaque
characteristics
* new onset angina
* chronis stable angina that increases in frequency, duration or severity
* occurs at rest or with minimal exertion
management of agina
- restore a balance between myocardial oxygen demand and supply
- nitrates
- beta blockers
- lipid lowering medication
- opiods
- ACE inihibitors
CVD risk factors
modificable
* hypertension
* smoking
* T2D
* poor nutrition
* obesity
non-modifiable
* increasing age
* gender
* family history
* ethnicity
what are normal regulation of blood pressure mechanisms
short term
* baroreceptors and endocrine system
long term
* renal system - renin angiotension aldosterone
what is hypertension
persisitant elevation of systolic blood pressure >140mmHg or diastolic blood pressure >90 mmHg
elevated blood pressure
systolic 120-129 and diastolic <80
factors associated with the development of hypertension
- genetics
- age
- gender
- obesity
- heavy alcohol use
what is primary hypertension
- called essential hypertension
- elevated BP without an identified cause
- risk factors (age, obesity, family history)
hypertension clinical manifestations
- silent killer
- early - none a silent condition
- later - symptoms arise due to assoicated damage of organs as well as vascular changes (heart disease, impaired mobility, impaired vision)
management of hypertension
non- pharmacological
* lifestyle changes
* dietry restrcitions
* increase intake of potassium
* exercise
* relaxation
* smoking cessation
pharmaoclogical
* beta blockers
* diuretics
* ACE inhibitors
what are the 3 types of heart attacks ?
- st segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
- non-st segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)
- unstable angina
what is ACS - acute coronary syndrome
arteries that carry blood, oxygen and nutrients gets blocked, heart attacks are a form of ACS
whats a STEMI
when a coronary artery becomes completely blocked and a large portion of the muscle stops reciveing blood
what is a NSTEMI
the coronary artery is only partially blocked in a NSTEMI
what is a CAS
the coronary artery spasm is an unstable angina or silent heart attack
what drug is mainly used to manage Hypertension
- beta blockers
- beta blockers can cause bronchospasms so they need to be careful with asthma patients
what should be done when diagnosing MI (myocardial infarction)
- detailed health history and physical examination
- ECG - in the first 10 minutes
- blood tests
- coronary angiography/ angiogram
