Module 3

Question 1

My/o

Answer 1

Muscle

Question 2

Sarc/o

Answer 2

Flesh

Question 3

Cyst/o

Answer 3

Cell

Question 4

Nucle/o

Answer 4

Nucleus

Question 5

Fibr/o

Answer 5

Fiber

Question 6

Disc/o

Answer 6

Flatten surface

Question 7

Fasci/o

Answer 7

Fascia/Bundle

Question 8

Strait/o

Answer 8

Stripe/Line

Question 9

Act/o

Answer 9

Movement/Ray

Question 10

Myos/o

Answer 10

Muscle

Question 11

Trop/o

Answer 11

Change

Question 12

Pon/o

Answer 12

Bridge

Question 13

Hist/o

Answer 13

Tissue

Question 14

Neur/o

Answer 14

Nerve

Question 15

Vas/o

Answer 15

Blood Vessel

Question 16

Kinesiol/o

Answer 16

Movement

Question 17

Tract/o

Answer 17

Draw/ To pull

Question 18

Endo-

Answer 18

Inner/Within

Question 19

Micro-

Answer 19

Small

Question 20

Macro-

Answer 20

Large

Question 21

Trans-

Answer 21

Across/Through

Question 22

Con-

Answer 22

Together/With

Question 23

Peri-

Answer 23

Around/ Outer

Question 24

Epi-

Answer 24

Upon/Over

Question 25

-in

Answer 25

Denote protein

Question 26

-ium

Answer 26

Membrane or Tissue

Question 27

-tion

Answer 27

Act of or process of

Question 28

-mere

Answer 28

Part or Segment

Question 29

What are 4 types of tissues?

Answer 29

- Epithelial - Connective - Muscle - Nerve

Question 30

What are 3 types of muscle tissues?

Answer 30

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

Question 31

How many strands does each actin filament have?

Answer 31

2 strands

Question 32

What are the strand’s bead-like subunits called?

Answer 32

G-actin (G=globular) or the actin monomer

Question 33

What is the thick filament?

Answer 33

Myosin

Question 34

What is the thin filament?

Answer 34

Actin

Question 35

What is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell called?

Answer 35

Sarcoplasm

Question 36

What is the smooth ER called?

Answer 36

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 37

What are the plasma membrane of the muscle cell called?

Answer 37

Sacrolemma

Question 38

What are the functions of sER in muscles cells?

Answer 38

Storage and release of calcium ions (to activate the contractile mechanism)

Question 39

What are some characteristics of skeletal muscles?

Answer 39

- Multinucleated -Striations - Voluntary actions - Contraction is quick and strong

Question 40

What are some characteristics of cardiac muscles?

Answer 40

-Cells are branched - one cell will have a nucleus that is often surrounded by glycogen inclusion bodies - this muscle has strong involuntary contractions - glycogen is used for energy here - the connections between the cells look like small bands which are called ‘Intercalated discs’.

Question 41

What are some characteristics of smooth muscles?

Answer 41

- not very strong involuntary contractions - e.g., in the walls of the alimentary canal, blood vessels, etc. - muscle cells are fusiform (spindle) shaped and lack striations.

Question 42

Where do skeletal muscles originate from? Then, what are they different into?

Answer 42

embryonic mesenchymal cells Myoblasts

Question 43

What are the function of satellites cells? Where are they located?

Answer 43

function in muscle repair after damage by undergoing cell division and making new fibers when needed. they can be found attached to the muscle fiber on the outside of the sarcolemma

Question 44

What is the dense connective tissue that covers the entire muscle? What are the two things it connects to?

Answer 44

Epimysium Bone and the muscle

Question 45

The muscle is made of numerous __________. These _________ are covered by a perimysium.

Answer 45

Fascicle

Question 46

Which connective tissue is thinner? (Perimysium or epimysium)

Answer 46

Perimysium

Question 47

What is the myofibrils in the arrangement of Sarcomere?

Answer 47

End to end series of sacromeres makes 1 myofibril

Question 48

What is the contractile unit of a muscle fibers that spans from Z-disc to Z-disc?

Answer 48

Sarcomere

Question 49

What is the actin made up of? What does it polymerizes? What type of binding site does it have? What band is it in within the sarcomere?

Answer 49

G-actin/ Globular actin subunits G-actin polymerizes to form F-actin/ Fibrous actin Every G-actin monomer has a ‘Myosin-binding site’ Two F-actin chains intertwine It occupies the I-band of the sarcomere

Question 50

What is the function of Tropomyosin?

Answer 50

Tropomyosin keeps the myosin-binding sites of Actin covered when not in action.

Question 51

What is the function of Troponin?

Answer 51

The troponin has 3 subunits- TnT which binds to tropomyosin, TnC which binds to Ca++ and TnI which mediates the interaction between Actin and Myosin.

Question 52

What happens when a signal comes from the motor nerve?

Answer 52

The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases its reserves of Ca, Ca binds to the Ca binding site of troponin, troponin transduces this signal to tropomyosin through its TnT subunit and tropomyosin displaces itself, thus exposing the myosin-binding sites on the F-actin.

Question 53

How are the myosin heads arranged?

Answer 53

Several myosin molecules are arranged together to form the ‘Thick filament’ The myosin heads are directed outwards and sticks out of the filament

Question 54

What makes up a sarcomere?

Answer 54

Z disc to Z disc I band - actin - titin A band - actin and myosin crossover H zone - myosin M line - middle of sarcomere - middle of myosin

Question 55

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 55

It is the smooth ER of the skeletal muscle fiber/skeletal muscle cell, and it stores Ca.

Question 56

What is the Tube-like structures that extend down from the sarcolemma, surround the myofibrils around the junction of the I and the A bands?

Answer 56

T-Tubules

Question 57

How does the depolarization of a sarcolemma?

Answer 57

this depolarization travels through the T-tubules and triggers the release of Ca from the adjacent cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm. The calcium binds to the TnC subunit of troponin- which causes a displacement of the tropomyosin and exposes the Myosin-binding sites on the F-actin.

Question 58

What neurotransmitter is released by triggering the nerve impulse?

Answer 58

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 59

What does ACh binding to the ACh receptors on the sarcolemma trigger the release of?

Answer 59

Triggers the release of Ca from the SER cisternae into the sarcoplasm Ca ions bind to troponin.

Question 60

What causes the conformational change of tropomyosin and cause it to move away from the from the myosin-binding sites on the F-actin?

Answer 60

Troponin

Question 61

What is the sliding filament theory?

Answer 61

ADP+Pi bound myosin head can now bind to Actin forming a ‘Cross-bridge’. When myosin head binds to actin, it brings a conformational change in the myosin head and causes it to pivot. The energy for pivoting comes from the hydrolysis of ATP that had occured before the myosin-actin crossbridge was formed.

Question 62

What are the coordination contraction of the smooth muscles called?

Answer 62

peristalsis

Question 63

What is the cell shape for skeletal muscles? Cardiac muscles? Smooth muscles?

Question 64

How many nucleus for skeletal muscles? What are the location of the nucleus? Cardiac muscles? Smooth muscles?

Question 65

What are the fibers made of for skeletal muscles? Cardiac muscles? Smooth muscles?

Question 66

Are striation present or absent for skeletal muscles? Cardiac muscles? Smooth muscles?

Question 67

What is the efferent innervation and contraction type for skeletal muscles? Cardiac muscles? Smooth muscles?

Question 68

What are the regeneration capacity for skeletal muscles? Cardiac muscles? Smooth muscles?

Question 69

Where is skeletal muscles found in the body? Cardiac muscles? Smooth muscles?