1
Q
What is the nervous system
A
The bodys control and communication system
2
Q
what does the nervous system consist of
A
brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all nerves within the body
3
Q
cns
A
consists of the brain and spinal cord
4
Q
pns
A
consists of all the nerve fibers outside of the CNS
5
Q
what are neurons
A
functional unit of the brain and are capable of generating and transmitting electrical signals
- they communicate via synpatic transmission or neurotransmission
6
Q
parts of the neuron
A
axon
dendrites
myelin sheath
synapse
7
Q
dendrites
A
Projections of a neuron that receives signals from other neurons
8
Q
axons
A
slender projection of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body and towards the next cell in the pathway
- action potentials
9
Q
myelin sheath
A
is a fatty substance that surrounds nerve cells
- forms around the axon providing a layer of insulation and increasing the rate of transmission along the axon
10
Q
synapse
A
when the electrical impulse reaches the end of the axon, it enters the synapse (neuronal junction) the impulse is transferred from one neuron to the dendrites of a second neuron
11
Q
lobes of the brain
A
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
12
Q
frontal lobe
A
responsible for higher-level cognitive functions and control of voluntary movement
13
Q
parietal lobe
A
processes information about temperature, taste, touch, and movement
14
Q
temporal lobe
A
processes memories, integrating them with sensations of taste, sound, sight, and touch
15
Q
occipital lobe
A
vision
16
Q
what part of brain undergoes major development
A
frontal lobe
17
Q
what is the frontal responsible for
A
higher level cognitive abilities
planning
goal-directed behaviour
decision-making
complex problem-solving
cognitive control
(important for success in at university)
18
Q
grey matter
A
found within the cortex of the brain
contains neuronal cell bodies and synapses
19
Q
white matter
A
found under the cortex and within the cerebrum
- contains myelinated axons
20
Q
cotex
A
outermost region of the cerebrum
21
Q
cerebrum
A
the large upper part of the brain. it is divided into 2 hemispheres
22
Q
changes that occur in the brain during early adulthood
A
increased synaptic pruning
increased myelination
improved connectivity
23
Q
brain development during early adulthood
A
peaks in middle adulthood
amount of grey matter decreases with age and the white matter increases
24
Q
increased myelinaiton
A
humans are born with little to no myelin in the CNS
it occurs throughout childhood and inot the period of accelerated growth seen during the late teens and early twenties
25
improved connectivity
is different between brain regions results in larger and more widely distributed neural networks, which is critical for a variety of higher level functions such as learning new complex information and applying
26
what does substance use fall within
a spectum of use, misuse, and abuse
27
substance use
refers to the use of psychoactive substance
include; caffeine, alcohol, cannabis, and other illicit drugs
28
substance misuse
is the use of a psychoactive substance in a way that causes concern and/or elevates the risk of reduced well-being and poor mental health
29
examples of substance misuse
regular or excess use or use when one should be in class
use of medication for a purpose other than prescribed
using a medication in a higher dose or frequency than prescribed
binge drinking or drinking alot in a short period or at a single social event
30
substance use disorder
refers to clinically significant abuse or dependency which includes psycholigcal (impaired control) and physioloigcal (withdrawal and tolerance) aspects of an addicition
31
disorder criteria for substance use disorder
worsening physical health, or mental health
failure to meet responsibilities
associated losses
problems in relationships
32
what is associated with brain development in adolescence and substance use
mental health concerns and disorders
cognition
attention
learning
motivation
33
mental health concerns and disorders
substance use can contribute to the development and worsening of mental health problems including poor sleep, anxiety, depression and psychosis
increase the likelihood of substance use in turn
34
cognition: substance use
is associated with altered efficency of brain functions- how you think, percieve and feel
35
attention and substance use
reduced sustained attention, distraction and errors
using stimulant medication does not help concentration unless you have a diagnosable attention disorder
36
learning and substance use
regular cannabis use and alcohol misuse is associated with poorer university performance and higher dropout rates
37
motivation and substance use
low drive and low motivation are associated with substance misuse, especially regular cannabis use which is associated with an "a motivational syndrome"
38
when is the most substance misue and use disorders arise
after starting university
39
what is the most commonly use substnace at university
alcohol
40
what does alcohol do to the brain
acts primarily on the CNS and functions as a depressant, meaning that it slows down neural processes and communication
causes disinhibition of normal behaviour
41
binge drinking
is the consumption of an excess of alcohol at one point in time
4 or more drinks for females and 5 or more for males in a single outing
42
binge drinking: negative outcomes
risk of physical harm
blackouts, or forgetting what happened
hangovers
poor academic performance
43
short term effects of alcohol
reduce anxiety
mild disinhibition
slow brain acitivty
slurred speech
unsteady balance
slowed physcial and mental reaction time
confusion
poor judgement
44
blood alcohol correlates with biological and neurocognitive effects
affects the dopaminergic system, and the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate systems to much alcohol can lead to hangover, stupor, coma and death
45
dopaminergic system
pathway in the central nervous sytem involving the neurotransmitter dopamine critical for controlling voluntary movement, our reward system, motivation, working memory, and the regulation of emtion
46
long term effects of alcohol
toxic effects on the brain; shrinkage of key brain areas for memory and reasoning
47
examples of long term effects of alcohol
arrhythmias
weakened immune system, which increases the frequency of colds or pneumonia
disease of the liver, pancreas, and stomach
some forms of cancer
alcoholic dementia
48
what is second most used substance in the youth
cannabis among youth
49
what is cannabis
is a psychoactive drug derived from the sativa plant
contains over 700 chemical over 100 are cannabinoids
50
how does cannabis work
acts on the central nervous system, varying effects depending on the ratio of active ingredients such as cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol which has hallucinogenic properties
51
the endocannabinoid system
your body has natural (endogenous) cannabinoids that act on receptors all over the body to promote normal functioning
involved in a number of widespread actions such as appetite, pain, immune system, concentration and well-being
52
what is regular cannabis use associated with
increased risk of worsening or new onset of mental health problems and decreased cognitive efficiency, memory, reaction time and motivation
and physcial disease such as cardiovascular disorders, chronic obstriuctive lung disease, and possibly some forms of cancer
53
about CBD
is the second-most abundant cannabinoid in the plant after THC. it has many potential therapeutic benefits
54
benefits of CBD
counteracting the effects of THC
alleviating pain, movement disorders, nausea, having a calming effect
55
evidence in regards to CBD
nausea assoicated with chemo
increasing appetite in HIV patients
treating some forms of chronic neuropathic pain
56
what are stimulants
class of drug that increase the activity of the brain
act on receptors in the brain to either block the reuptake or stimulate the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine increasing their effects
57
what is the most common stimulant in uni
caffeine
58
positive effects of caffine
1-2 regular cups can increase well-being, happiness , enegy , alterness and sociability
59
guideline for caffeinne in adolescents
should not consume more than 100mg per day or one regular cups of brewed coffee, given the developing brain
60
guideline of caffenine for adults
no more than 400mg/day (4 cups of regular brewed coffee)
61
length of effects of caffeine
the average half-life of caffeine is about 5 hours so it should not be consumed after 5pm if you dont want negative impacts on sleep
62
what does high doses of caffeine lead to?
anxiety, jitteriness, upset stomach
restlessness and nervousness, inattention, distractibility, irritable mood, insomnia and sleep disruption and lower energy, tolerance
63
withdrawal symptoms of caffeine
headaches, heart rate increase, changes in blood pressure, shakiness, and reduced cognitive function
64
non-medical prescription drug
define as use without a prescription or use for reasons other than what medication is intended
65
what drugs are typically misused by younger people
stimulants (amphetamines, modabigil, meth) and more
66
why are younger people in higher education misusing stimulants
improve academic performance, social life, to cope with stress, and for reaction or down time
67
is there evdience for improve acadmeic performance with miusing?
if you dont have ADHD stimulant medication will not improve academic performance
68
what are potential harms of misusing stimulants
cardiovascular events
increased risk behaviours
poorer well-being
anxiety and agitation
poor concentration
sleep problems
69
what is ketamine
very powerful anesthetic effects that was used for surgical anesthesia
mainly used for veterinary medicine as a general anesthetic for animals today
70
recreational effects of ketamine
feelings of relaxation and happiness to causing people to feel dream-like and detached
alter perception of time and hallucination
71
common names of ketamine
special K, vitamine K, donkey dust
72
research effects of ketamine
it is a general anesthetic it reduces sensations in the body which can lead to injury
if someone takes to much it can lose ability to move and respond to the environment as through their body and mind is separated
73
what is MDMA
synthetic drug that is chemically similiar to hallucinogens and stimulants
74
what does MDMA do to the body
increased energy, pleasure, emotional warmth, and distorted sensory and time perception
affects neural chemicals in the brain (serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine)
can be laced with other drugs
75
common names of MDMA
ecstasy, molly
76
research/effects of MDMA
a single use of MDMA can cause unpleasant feelings and withdrawal including nausea, muscle cramping, blurred vision, faintness, chills, and sweats, trouble concentrating
77
what is cocaine
a highly addictive stimulant that derives from the coca plant
78
about cocaine
primarily affects the level of the neurochemical dopamine in the brain
user initially experiences a flood of dopamine causing a feeling of pleasure and energy
trains the brain to want more because after the high there is a crash with feeling of fatigue nad low mood
79
common names of cocaine
crack, blow, coke, rock, snow
80
research/effects of cocaine
with repeated use, cocaine disrupts the dopamine circuits making it hard to enjoy normal daily life
tolerance builds and withdrawal symtpms occur, depression, restlessness, disrupted sleep, slowed thinking, feeling tired, increased appetite
81
is binge drinking associated with lower academic engagement and lower grades?
yes
82
cannabis use during brain development
may have a particulatly negative effect on cognitive function, given that this is an important time of brain development
83
cannabis: disrupting natural endocannabindoids
can alter brain activation patterns, which affect functions like memory and reduces the efficiency of processes important for academic performance
disrupts the natural function of the endocannadinioid system and interferes with the natural fine tuning and regulation of brain development and function
84
lower academic performance and stimulants
increases alterness and energy that are associated with stimulant use make ppl feel like their academic performance is enahnced even though it is not
they have lower academic performacne than those who dont misuse
85
mental and physical health risks ; stimulants
psychotic disorders (schizophrenia) and with serious heart problems like attacks and sudden death
86
recreational drug use: MDMA
prdicits lasting changes in serotonin (5-HT), which affects a number of important functions including mood, thinking, and reward processing
87
recreational drug use; cocaine
is associated with serious cardiovascular problems
high dependence potential
88
substance use disorder
refers to clinically significant abuse or dependency which includes psychological and physiological aspects of an addiction
89
what is substance use highly comorbid with
mental health conditions
90
what are common mental illnesses that are often comorbid with substance abuse
ADHD, anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia
91
bidirectionality of substance use and mental health
substance use can precede the onset of a mental health and is consider a risk factor for developing a mental disorder
however, substance misue can stem from attempts to self-medicate or cope with stress or the symtpms of an emerging mental disorder through numbing, distraction, avoidance
92
stop 1
substance use problems and other behavioural addictions
93
stop 2
mental health symptoms anxiety, instrusive thoughts, sleep, disturbances, depression
94
stop 3
alcohol/drug use behaviours with expectation of relief compulsive eating gambling, gaming
95
stop 4
temporary lowered state of anxiety and distress
96
stop 5
increased use of substance (or behaviour) to regulate distress
97
increased risk since the cannabis legalization
developing psychosis
98
frequency of psychosis
may increase when cannabis is used more frequently, espically on a daily or near daily use
99
what age does risk of psychosis develop
increase when cannabis use is initiated before the age of 16
100
family history and psychosis
persons with a family history or psychosis or schizophrenia who use cannabis are at greater psychosis
101
minimize frequency of use
miniize use during periods of critical brain development (in adolescenece and early adulthood)
102
use modest amounts
use wisely in modest amounts. ex. when drinking alcohol avoid binge drinking
103
educate yourself
educate yourself on exactly what you are using and the potential risks
104
be aware
know what you are using each time you use a substance. do you know the THC percentages of THC:CBD ratio in cannabis? are you sure its not laced
105
plan ahead
never use substances immediately before or during situations that require attention and alertness (driving, learning)
106
type of product: reducing the risk with cannabis use
choosing low-strength products, those with lower THC or a higher CBD to THC ratio
avoid the use of high poteneny THC
107
impairment : reducing risk with cannabis
impairs the ability to drive a car or operate machinery
108
biological considerations: reducing risk with cannabis
later in life will lower risk with health problems
people with personal or family history with psychosis or substance use problems and pregnant women should not use at all
109
combination ; reducing the risk with cannabis
combining risky behaviours will only increases the health-harming effects
cannabis and alcohol cuases extreme toxic effect on brain
110
method of intake; reducing risk with cannabis
smoking is harmful to lungs
111
IDIS199
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