Module 3: Basic Pharmacology

Question 1

brand name medication

Answer 1

• assigned by medications manufacturer
• begins with capital letter

Question 2

generic name medication

Answer 2

• noncommercial
• less complex than chemical name but more complex than brand name

Question 3

agit

Answer 3

shake, stir

Question 4

aq

Answer 4

water

Question 5

DAW

Answer 5

dispense as written

Question 6

dil

Answer 6

dilute

Question 7

disp

Answer 7

dispense

Question 8

eq

Answer 8

equivalent

Question 9

ext

Answer 9

extract

Question 10

MDI

Answer 10

metered-dose inhaler

Question 11

MO

Answer 11

mineral oil

Question 12

neb

Answer 12

nebulizer

Question 13

nr

Answer 13

no refills

Question 14

qs

Answer 14

sufficient amount

Question 15

rept

Answer 15

repeat

Question 16

sig

Answer 16

write on label

Question 17

anticholinergics

Answer 17

reduce bronchospasm

Question 18

what created five schedules for controlled substances

Answer 18

controlled substance act (CSA)

Question 19

who designated medications as controlled substances assigned to five schedules

Answer 19

US drug enforcement administration (DEA)

Question 20

Schedule 1

Answer 20

• high potential for abuse
• no approved medical use
• illegal, cannot be prescribed
• heroin, mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), marijuana

Question 21

Schedule 2

Answer 21

• high potential for abuse, dangerous
• can lead to psychological and physical dependence
• handwritten prescriptions with no refills
• kept in locked cabinet
• morphine, methadone, oxycodone, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, fentanyl, methamphetamine

Question 22

Schedule 3

Answer 22

• moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence
• handwritten prescription with 5 refills in 6 months
• ketamine, anabolic steroids, testosterone

Question 23

Schedule 4

Answer 23

• low potential for abuse and dependence
• signed prescriptions with 5 refills in 6 months
• staff may authorize refills over the phone
• diazepam, zolpidem, eszopiclone, alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam

Question 24

Schedule 5

Answer 24

• limited quantities of narcotics
• usually antidiarrheal, antitussive, analgesic
• signed prescriptions with 5 refills in 6 months
• staff may authorize refills over the phone
• diphenoxylate with atropine, pregabalin, lacosamide, opium/pectin/belladona

Question 25

therapeutic effects

Answer 25

- good effects - closely tied to indications - ex: sustained reduction in blood pressure

Question 26

side effects

Answer 26

- undesirable and unintended actions on the body - limit use of medications - ex: nausea, dry mouth, dizziness, nasal congestion

Question 27

adverse event

Answer 27

- harmful action - prevents further use - allergic reaction - ex: swelling of face, serious decrease in blood pressure

Question 28

indications

Answer 28

- problem provider prescribes medication for - ex: high blood pressure

Question 29

contraindication

Answer 29

- symptoms or condition that makes medication inadvisable or dangerous - ex: previous allergic reaction, liver disease for medications toxic to the liver

Question 30

precautions

Answer 30

- problems that pose lesser risk but require close observation and monitoring

Question 31

medication for minor allergic reaction

Answer 31

diphenhydramine (antihistamine)

Question 32

medication for serious or anaphylactic reaction

Answer 32

epinephrine

Question 33

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) react dangerously with

Answer 33

- foods containing tyramine (avocados, smoked meats, wine, most cheeses) - other antidepressants

Question 34

how does grapefruit interact with medications

Answer 34

- interferes with metabolism - raises levels of medications causing toxicity - dextromethorphan, simvastatin, sildenafil

Question 35

what medications does St. John's wort interact with

Answer 35

- warfarin and oral contraceptives - reduces effectiveness

Question 36

propranolol + albuterol =

Answer 36

both medications lose effectiveness

Question 37

aspirin + warfarin =

Answer 37

risk of hemorrhage

Question 38

antibiotics + oral contraceptives =

Answer 38

oral contraceptives are less effective

Question 39

metric equivalent of 15 drops/15 minims

Answer 39

1 mL

Question 40

metric equivalent of 1tsp/1dram

Answer 40

5 mL

Question 41

metric equivalent of 1tbsp/4 drams

Answer 41

15 mL

Question 42

metric equivalent of 1oz/2tbsp/8drams

Answer 42

30 mL

Question 43

metric equivalent of 1cup/8oz

Answer 43

240 mL

Question 44

metric equivalent of 1 pint

Answer 44

480 mL (~500 mL)

Question 45

metric equivalent of 1 quart

Answer 45

960 mL (~1 L)

Question 46

metric equivalent of 1 gallon

Answer 46

3830 mL

Question 47

metric equivalent of 2.2 lb

Answer 47

1 kg

Question 48

formula method for dosage calculations

Answer 48

desired/have x quantity

Question 49

BSA method for pediatric dosage calculations

Answer 49

BSA/1.7 x adult dose

Question 50

avoiding errors with look/sound alike medication

Answer 50

- do not use abbreviations for med names - "tall man" (mixed case) lettering to emphasize confusing parts: cefoTEtan and cefOXitin - change appearance to alert staff - create labels with indications - store in separate areas - alter computer selection to distinguish

Question 51

pharmacokinetics

Answer 51

- study of how medications move through body - absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

Question 52

absorption

Answer 52

- body converts medication into usable form - moves into bloodstream

Question 53

factors affecting absorption speed

Answer 53

- route: IV = quick onset - fat solubility: highly fat soluble = pass easily into blood - surface area for absorption: stomach is smaller than intestines = intestines absorb faster

Question 54

distribution

Answer 54

- transportation to sites of action

Question 55

blood-brain barrier

Answer 55

- barrier to distribution - protects brain from dangerous chemicals - makes it hard to get therapeutic substances to brain

Question 56

why are many medications risky for pregnant women to take

Answer 56

they pass the placental barrier easily

Question 57

metabolism

Answer 57

- changes active forms of medication into metabolites ready for excretion - liver is primary organ - kidney also metabolize

Question 58

factors affecting metabolism

Answer 58

- age (infants and older adults have least effective metabolism) - how many medications you take - health of various organs and tissues - genetic makeup

Question 59

excretion

Answer 59

- removal of medications metabolites from body - urine, feces, saliva, bile, sweat, breast milk, exhaled air - half life: time to eliminate half a dose of medication

Question 60

why is a medication half life important

Answer 60

- determines dosing intervals - keeping medication in therapeutic range

Question 61

rights of medication administration

Answer 61

- right pt: 2 identifiers - right medication: taking out, preparing to administer, putting container away - right dose: check calculations - right route - right time: food requirements - right assessment: allergies, medical history - right to refuse: never coerce pt - right technique - right documentation: after pt receives medication - right reason: inform why provider prescribed - right to know: follow up education - right evaluation: observe for side effects/reaction

Question 62

physicians desk reference

Answer 62

- new edition each year - current and detailed info about medications

Question 63

what does proper documentation of medication administration include

Answer 63

- date - time - quantity - medication - strength - lot number - manufacturer - expiration date - patient outcome