Module 8: Microbiology

Question 1

microbiology

Answer 1

the study of living forms only visible under a microscope

Question 2

cell membrane

Answer 2

• the thin outermost structure of human cells
• selectively permeable
• within cell wall in bacterial cells

Question 3

cell wall

Answer 3

• the outermost layer of bacterial cells
• maintains shape and protects
• gram-positive or gram-negative

Question 4

which bacterial cell structure do antibiotics target

Answer 4

• cell wall
• gram-positive or gram-negative

Question 5

nucleus

Answer 5

• inside cell near the center
• largest organelle
• controls cell functions
• contains chromosomes made of DNA

Question 6

nuclear membrane

Answer 6

• nuclear envelope
• surrounds nucleus
• pores allow larger compounds to move in and out of nucleus

Question 7

cytoplasm

Answer 7

• inside of cell
• contains other organelles
• water, proteins, ions, nutrients

Question 8

ribosome

Answer 8

• protein synthesis
• support protein chains as RNA builds them

Question 9

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 9

• network of passageways for moving substances within cytoplasm
• tough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on its surface area
• smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not have ribosomes

Question 10

mitochondrion

Answer 10

• gives cells energy
• may have one or more per cell

Question 11

lysosome

Answer 11

• digests waste products within the cell

Question 12

centriole

Answer 12

• cylindrical shaped
• cell division; divides chromosomes equally

Question 13

golgi apparatus

Answer 13

• synthesizes carbs
• sorts proteins the ribosome is supporting
• some storage functions prior to preparing substances for removal from cells

Question 14

peroxisome

Answer 14

• contains enzymes

Question 15

flagellum

Answer 15

• tail-like appendage
• allows cells to move in swimming motion
• sperm

Question 16

cilia

Answer 16

• hair-like projections
• move substances through tracts and paths in the body
• some mucous membranes (respiratory tract) have cilia

Question 17

bacteria

Answer 17

• single-celled
• reproduce rapidly
• cause many infections
• survive without other living tissue

Question 18

bacteria classified based on

Answer 18

• shape
• cell wall structure
• chemical stains
• aerobic or anaerobic growing conditions

Question 19

coccus

Answer 19

• round shaped bacteria

Question 20

spirillum

Answer 20

• spiral-shaped bacteria

Question 21

vibrio

Answer 21

• bacteria shaped like a comma

Question 22

bacillus

Answer 22

• rod-shaped bacteria

Question 23

rickettsiae

Answer 23

• bacteria that live and grow only inside other living things

Question 24

antibiotics resistance

Answer 24

• overuse of antibiotics
• methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
• vancomycin-resistant enterococci

Question 25

first word in bacteria naming

Answer 25

- microorganisms genus (biological classification between family and species)

Question 26

second word in bacteria naming

Answer 26

- microorganisms species

Question 27

virus

Answer 27

- require living tissue to survive and grow - are parasites

Question 28

how do viruses infect the body

Answer 28

- attach to host cells - genetic material takes control of host cell - may attack immediately or lay dormant and attack later

Question 29

viral mutation

Answer 29

- chang during replication - hard to build immunity

Question 30

fungi

Answer 30

- grows on or in animals and plants - most do not normally cause disease

Question 31

what type of infections do fungi tend to cause

Answer 31

- superficial infections - athlete's foot, vaginal yeast infection

Question 32

single-celled fungi

Answer 32

- yeasts

Question 33

multi-cell fungi

Answer 33

- spore-producing molds

Question 34

useful functions of fungi

Answer 34

- source of antibiotics

Question 35

what type of microorganism is Pneumocystis carinii

Answer 35

- has some properties of fungi and some of protozoa

Question 36

protozoa

Answer 36

- single-celled parasite - can be microscopic or large enough to see without a microscope - replicate rapidly in living hosts

Question 37

where do protozoa thrive

Answer 37

- damp environments - bodies of standing water - ponds, lakes

Question 38

nonpathogens

Answer 38

- microorganisms that are helpful or do not cause disease

Question 39

probiotics

Answer 39

- microorganisms that promote health - usually bacteria - may be helpful for digestive disorders

Question 40

food products containing probiotics

Answer 40

- yogurt - sauerkraut - kimchi

Question 41

pathogen

Answer 41

- microorganisms that cause infectious disease

Question 42

normal flora

Answer 42

- microorganisms usually present in the body - overgrowth can result in infection

Question 43

fomites

Answer 43

- pathogen-carrying objects - countertops, water bottles, pencil

Question 44

vector

Answer 44

- animal needed to transmit infection

Question 45

chain of infection

Answer 45

- infectious agent - reservoir host - portal of exit - mode of transmission - portal of entry - susceptible host

Question 46

what does effective infection control do

Answer 46

- break chain of infection

Question 47

where does hand hygiene break the chain of infection

Answer 47

- infectious agent

Question 48

infectious agent

Answer 48

- pathogen causing disease

Question 49

reservoir host

Answer 49

- infects and multiplies to infect others

Question 50

portal of exit

Answer 50

- blood, body fluids, feces, breath, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, wounds

Question 51

mode of transmission

Answer 51

- direct: contact with infected person or body fluids - indirect: via contaminated objects, vectors, fomites; only possible for pathogens that can survive outside host

Question 52

portal of entry

Answer 52

- way to get into body - inhalation, absorption, ingestion

Question 53

susceptible host

Answer 53

- people - organism that feels effects of infectious disease

Question 54

conditions for growth

Answer 54

- moisture - warmth - oxygen - food - time

Question 55

routes of transmission

Answer 55

- droplet - direct contact - fecal-oral - bloodborne - sexual - airborne - vector