what is Carbohydrate (CHO)?
- Contains C, H, and O, wth H and O is the same proportions as water
- Also made up of sugars called monosaccharides
2 Types of CHO:
Simple and Complex
Simple Sugars:
Mono and Disaccarides
Oligosaccharides
- Oligo- “Many”
- 3-10 monosaccharide sugar units
- Prebiotics
- ex. legumes and artichokes
Polysaccharaides
100-1000 monosaccharides
Complex CHO:
- Starch
- 1000s of glucose units linked together
CHO Digestion and Absorption process:
- Mouth: Some starch gets broken down by Salivary Amylase into maltose (Glucose + Glucose)
- Stomach: HCL acid denatures/inactivates the salivary amylase= Protein
- Small Intestine breaks down CHOs using enzymes.
enzymes and result of the breakdown of different CHOs:
CHO Enzyme Result
Starch–> Pancreatic Amylase–> Maltose
Maltose–> Maltase–> Glucose+Glucose
Sucrose–> Sucrase–> Glucose+fructose
Lactose–> Lactase–> Glucose+Galactose
CHO digestion and absorption in liver:
- Fru + Gal are converted to Glu
- Glucose:
a) stores as liver glycogen
b) non-essential amino acids
c) extra is converted to fat
d) kcal needs of liver - glucose reenters bloodstream (cells use glucose)
- used as muscle glycogen
basic fact about glucose:
Required as the sole energy source for RBC and brain
Effects of insulin:
- Facilitates the uptake of glucose in your blood cells
- stimulate glycogen production (liver)
- Blood glucose levels should return to normal (“basal levels”
what happens when blood glucose levels begin to fall?
- when blood glucose drops insulin drops and glycogen levels increase (hunger pangs)
- it mobilizes liver glycogen stores into glucose then into the bloodstream
- results in blood glucose correcting itself (basal levels)
Type 1 Diabetes mellitus:
< 5%
- no functional insulin produced (pancreas can’t make insulin)
- genetic predisposition/ early life viral infections
- take insulin
Type 2 Diabetes mellitus:
- Body tissues don’t listen/respond to insulin= rise in blood glucose + insulin
- detected later in life (adult onset diabetes)
- overweight, sedentary
- insulin resistance
what is a glucose tolerance test?
give a glucose drink and take blood samples every half hour for 2-3 hours
glycemic response
The blood glucose rise after eating caution foods
Fructose food sources:
- honey
- fruit
- HFCS (high fructose corn syrup)
-liquid sweetener
Disaccharides- sucrose food sources:
- Table sugar
- sugar beets and sugarcane
Lactose:
- Milk sugar
- all infants possess the enzyme lactase to break down the sugar
Lactase deficiency:
slowly/gradually become unable to digest lactose
middle east is the most lactase deficient
Lactose intolerance:
Symptom of being or becoming lactose deficient
Food Allergy:
over enthusiastic/exaggerated immune response to a protein in food
Soluble fibres
pectins, gums, agar
food examples: oats (oat bran), insides of legumes, fruit and veggie pulp
Insoluble fibres
Cellulose, lignin
food examples: Skins of legumes, skins of veggies and fruit
whole wheat (wheat bran)
