1
Q
Traditionally, healthcare and medical interventions have focused on
A
the treatment or mitigation of disease.
2
Q
recent interventions shift towards
A
disease prevention.
3
Q
Disease prevention aims to minimize
A
Preventative measures can be applied at any stage along the course of a disease, with the goal of preventing further progression.
4
Q
How many stages are there
A
There are four stages of prevention
5
Q
Stage 1/Primordial Prevention
A
Aims to prevent the development of risk factors of diseases by targeting the underlying environmental and social conditions that might promote them.
6
Q
Stage 2/Primary Prevention
A
Identification and modification of risk factors (risk reduction) to prevent onset of disease.
7
Q
Stage 3/Secondary Prevention
A
Early detection and treatment of disease before symptoms appear.
8
Q
Stage 4/Tertiary Prevention
A
Treatment of disease to stop its progression and control its negative consequences.
9
Q
Primordial Prevention
A
targets the underlying health determinants by modifying social policies to
improve the health of a population
10
Q
example of Primordial Prevention
A
- promoting a healthy lifestyle by establishing safe
sidewalks and public outdoor spaces/walking trails - economic reforms,
improving childhood health through prenatal nutrition programs, and outlawing alcohol in certain
countries.
11
Q
Primary prevention
A
targets susceptible individuals and attempts to prevent disease development. It
targets exposures and risk factors for specific diseases as well as ways to increase immunity
12
Q
Secondary prevention
A
involves early detection and treatment of disease
13
Q
exampel of primary prevention
A
getting vaccinated
14
Q
example of secondary prevention
A
regular
mammograms to detect and treat breast cancer, and regular Papanicolaou tests to detect and treat
cervical cancer
15
Q
tertiary prevention s
A
When a disease has developed and is in its clinical phase, tertiary prevention strategies help to reduce the impact of the disease on the patient’s function, survival, and quality of life
16
Q
example of tertiary
A
patients that have had a myocardial infarction having cardiac rehabilitation, and regular check-ups
afterwards.
17
Q
key thing to remember about primordial strategies
A
prevent the risk factors from developing
18
Q
key thing about primary
A
involve risk reduction,
19
Q
key thing about secondary
A
involve early detection and treatment
20
Q
tertiary key things
A
involve treatment and control of negative consequences
21
Q
Primordial prevention is often considered synonymous with
A
health promotion (but by definition not entirely accurate)
22
Q
Primordial prevention consists of
A
risk factor
prevention/reduction through social and environmental changes for the entire population.
23
Q
about does the changes in primordial prevention get accomplished
A
through policy and law changes
24
Q
health promotion helps
A
individuals increase their control over their health, by promoting skill
development and healthy habits
25
why are they entirely truly synonymous
health promotion is a comprehensive approach to helping
people obtain their maximum achievable health status
26
two main approaches to effective health promotion
- identification risk
- reduced average risk
27
Identification of individuals
susceptible to a risk factor and intervening to reduce the development of
that risk is one effective approach to health promotion
28
example of identification risk
you can prevent the likelihood of
children developing smoking habits by advising parents to quit smoking, and providing the parents
with smoking cessation programs.
29
Reducing the average risk level
for the whole population is another effective approach to health
promotion, which can be accomplished through legislative and/or public policy changes.
30
example of reduced average risk
consider a policy that mandates companies to display nutritional facts on all food products. This would
allow individuals to see nutritional value of products and may make them less likely to purchase
unhealthy products
31
The First International Conference on Health Promotion was held
in Ottawa, Canada in 1986
32
during the first international conference on health promotion what was developed?
The Ottawa Charter of Health Promotion
33
The charter called for
several
important actions to facilitate health promotion
34
what were the ottawa charter of health promotion actions it called for
* Build healthy public policy,
* Create supportive environments,
* Strengthen community actions,
* Develop personal skills, and
* Reorient health services
35
Health promotion at the individual and population levels targets
- behaviours, environmental
conditions
- social conditions
- any other factors that could lead to the development of risk factors
36
factors are often grouped into three categories:
- environmental factors
- social factors
- other factors
37
the factors are often what
the Social Determinants of Health (S D H)
38
EXAMPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
* Occupation
* Housing/living conditions
* School or work environment
39
EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL FACTORS
* Education
* Family
* Social Economic Status (S E S)
* War/conflict
* Culture
* Race/racism
40
EXAMPLES OF OTHER FACTORS
* Internal/external factors that affect health
* Healthy/unhealthy behaviours
* Availability of quality health services
41
the healthy behaviours one chooses
to engage in are
the most significant factors in determining an individual’s health
42
the behaviours we choose to engage in happen to be
the most easily modifiable SDH
43
why are the behaviour we choose to engage in most easily modifiable
because the remaining SDH we are either born into or they are beyond our immediate control
44
Given that personal health behaviours are a critical aspect of one’s health, modifying such behaviours tobacco use, diet, physical activity, risky sexual practices) is a ....
large and effective component of health
promotion
45
even though behaviour change is a large and effective component of health promotion
it tends to be difficult aspect of health promotion as there is often disconnect between knowledge and behaviour
46
barrier in health promotion
grouped into the levels of the social ecological model (SEM)
47
what are the 4 levels of the socio-ecological model
- intrapersonal
- interpersonal
- community/insitution
- public policy
48
Intrapersonal barriers
- mostly situated within the control of an individual.
- Some of the factors
related to this level include knowledge, attitudes, skills, self-efficacy, motivation, age, and socioeconomic status
49
Intrapersonal barriers examples
* Lack of knowledge about safe sexual practices, dental hygiene, etc.
* Flawed risk perception of unhealthy eating, drinking habits, bad sleeping habits, etc.
* Perception of lack of control over certain aspects of their health (e.g. depressive thoughts, etc).
* Cost (time or money) of switching to healthy foods, joining a gym, getting proper medical advice,
etc.
50
Barriers at the interpersonal level
- involve social relationships, including those with friends, family,
peers, partners, and coworkers.
- Any one of these relationships may influence an individual’s behaviour
positively or negatively
51
examples of interpersonal barriers
* Lack of connection and social integration with peers at school.
* Unsupportive family or peer environment.
* Lack of agreeableness within the physician-patient relationship.
* Social norms within peer group that promote negative behaviours such as smoking.
52
community/institution level
- includes the social and physical environments and settings
individuals engage with daily, including schools, workplaces, neighbourhoods, and healthcare facilities.
- encompasses social and gender norms, a sense of empowerment within the community, and
the policies that influence the social environment of schools and workplaces
53
examples of community/instition barriers
* Lack of economic and housing opportunities.
* Inflexible work environment.
* Lack of healthy food options at school.
* Inaccessible parks and other recreational areas.
54
The public policy level
involves the broad, structural factors such as local, state, and federal policies,
that may either enable or hinder an individual’s ability to take control over their health.
55
examples of barriers at public policy level
* Unfair trade and labour laws that increase prices and access to care products and services.
* Lack of funding to the healthcare system and other social services.
* Punitive drug policies.
* Lack of a comprehensive health curriculum at school
56
Models of behavioural change provide
guidance about how to overcome barriers to health behaviour
change
57
what is one of the best known and most widely used theorie of health behaviour change
the Health Belief Model (H B M)
58
Health Belief Model (H B M):
- s a social psychological model developed to both
predict and explain health behaviours
- suggests that an individual’s beliefs about various
facets of a potential health problem or disease can impact and explain their health related behaviours
59
what are the different components of the HBM
- perceived seriousness
- perceived susceptibility
- Perceived Benefits
- Perceived Barriers
- Self-Efficacy
- Cues to Action
60
Perceived Seriousness
- A person’s subjective perception of a disease or illness, including the medical and social consequences.
- considerations such as if the condition is life threatening, the social stigma associated
with the condition, and if it restricts daily activities or drastically impacts quality of life
61
Perceived Susceptibility
- A person’s subjective perception of their risk of acquiring a disease or illness.
- This might depend on factors such as their family history, genetics, and cultural views.
62
Perceived Benefits
- A person’s perception of the effectiveness of a behaviour in reducing the risk of disease
- A possible
benefit for increasing exercise would be better energy levels and reduced disease risk
63
Perceived Barriers
A person’s perception of the obstacles to adopting a healthy behaviour, which are weighed against the
benefits
- For exercises, barriers could be that it is time-consuming and the financial cost of a gym
membership.
64
Self-Efficacy
The level of a person’s confidence in their ability to successfully carry out a health behaviour change.
- This may look like a person’s confidence in their ability to sustain consistent exercise, maintain weight
loss, or their ability to stay in a smoking cessation program.
65
Cues to Action
The specific triggers, both external and internal, needed to prompt the decision-making process to
engage in a specific health behaviour change
66
examples of some cue to actions
could be the pre-existence of a health condition, physician recommendations, or the illness of a family member.
67
Transtheoretical Model (T T M)/ stages of change model outlines...
the process of intentional behaviour change.
68
understandin the TTM can
facilitate the development of successful interventions.
69
The T T M posits
that
individuals move through six stages of change
70
what are the 6 stages of change
1.precontemplation
2. contemplation
3. preparation,
4. action
5. maintenance
6. relapse.
71
Transtheoretical Model (T T M):
The Transtheoretical Model is a biopsychosocial model to conceptualize
the process of intentional behaviour change, allowing for the to development of successful
interventions
72
Precontemplation:
Individuals in this stage are unaware of the need to change. They are often
uninformed about the consequences of their behaviour.
73
example of Precontemplation:
A smoker who has never thought of quitting and never thought about the harmful
effects of smoking.
74
Contemplation
This is the ‘getting ready’ stage. Individuals in this stage are often ambivalent or
‘behavioural procrastinators’.
75
example of Contemplation
A smoker is thinking about the health hazards of smoking and is considering quitting,
but has not yet made any plans and is in no hurry to do so.
76
Preparation:
Individuals in the preparation stage have motivation and a plan of action
- Some steps have been taken to change their behaviour
77
example of Preparation:
A smoker may set a quit date and ask family and friends to help hold them accountable
78
Action
, individuals are actively trying to modify their lifestyle and want to succeed
79
example of action
A person is actively participating in a smoking cessation program, and constantly
modifying their behaviour based on the program’s best practices
80
Maintenance
individuals have sustained their behaviour change for at least six
months and work towards preventing relapses to previous stages.
81
Maintenance example
A person is no longer smoking and is actively engaging in behaviours to prevent relapse,
such as replacing smoking with exercise, which gives them similar feelings
82
Relapse
- individuals in this stage have abandoned the idea of changing due to difficulty in
maintaining their new behaviour.
- Health care workers may encourage the individual to try again and re-enter the contemplation stage
83
example of relapse
person begins smoking again.
84
about the 6 stages
- is generally more
complex. For example, a person may exit the ‘cycle’ at any stage. For people who reach the
maintenance phase, they may stay in this phase until death, without ever experiencing a relapse.
- If a
relapse does occur, people generally re-enter the ‘cycle’ at the contemplation phase.
85
what are the 3 levels health promotion efforts are carried out
- individual
- peer or group
- population
86
Individual level health promotion
- through one-on-one interactions
- suitable when there
is a lot of individualized information and knowledge to be transferred
87
One-on-one interactions provide
an opportunity for personal clarification and adaptation
88
individual level health promotion
can be
labour intensive and costly.
89
INDIVIDUAL LEVEL HEALTH PROMOTION EFFORTS
Teaching individuals about the proper use of condoms; both how to use them and why it is
important.
* Discussing strategies for smoking cessation.
* Optimizing the patient-provider relationship to allow for supportive and productive interactions.
90
peer or group level can include
small groups, institutions, or entire
communities, and can occur in many spaces, such as classrooms, theatre groups, or even on field trips
91
Health promotion at the peer or group level is suitable when
social interaction is helpful and may be a more efficient
method to transfer information because one individual can teach or lead a large group of people
92
PEER OR GROUP LEVEL HEALTH PROMOTION EFFORTS
* Prenatal classes which educate and prepare new parents.
* Sports activities and recreational programs which motivate you to exercise with others.
* Strategies to enhance sense of belonging, like community walking groups, community garden
program, etc.
* Creating safer and more inclusive workplaces. For example, creating breastfeeding friendly
workplaces.
93
how many types of population level health promotion is there
2
94
what are the 2 types of population level
1. legislation and policy
2. social marketing
95
Legislation, Regulation, and Policy
- is effective but often an overlooked approach as it
requires political will and public support
- helps change environments and sets
the community standard for behaviour
- Since individuals are forced to change, this can cause a
massive shift in attitude and behaviour.
96
Legislative, Regulatory and Policy Health Promotion Efforts:
* Public policy changes that promote healthy behaviours and deter negative behaviours, like a policy
that bans junk food and mandates regular daily physical activity in school.
* Fiscal measures that reward healthy behaviours and punish negative behaviours, such as a gym
tax credit or taxation on cigarettes and other tobacco products.
* Changes to legislation, like smoking by-laws that diminish negative health behaviours.
97
Social marketing health promotion relies on
‘selling’ health like businesses that sell products.
98
Social marketing approach to health promotion leverages a
target niche market
99
often social marketing can
influence
acceptability of social norms and attitudes
100
Social Marketing Health Promotion Efforts:
* Mass communication in the form of ads on any form of media or social media, such as television
ads marketing the benefits of influenza vaccinations.
* A catchy ad, slogan, logo, or picture which can change perceptions of a behaviour, like the Body
Break commercials.
* Using “product placement” in shows and movies to enhance health promotion, for example
showing the use of condoms.
101
When Indigenous voices are not heard
colonial health promotion strategies are left unchecked and
can result in the continuous and damaging perpetuation of neocolonialism
102
there is a clear need to view indigneous health promotion through
Indigenous lens, to create a more equitable society
103
issues related to Indigenous health promotion.
- Researcher Perspectives
- Intervention Evaluation
104
Researcher Perspectives
Many Indigenous health researchers and practitioners do not come from an Indigenous background,
or do not identify as Indigenous
105
why is researcher perspectives problematic
oftentimes results in a contradiction
between the Indigenous community’s priorities and common goals and researcher’s perspectives in
how they identify and address these issues
106
Intervention Evaluation
There is an evident lack of research on evaluating the effectiveness of health promotion interventions
for Indigenous Peoples
- research is conducted, program effectiveness is regularly
measured based on westernized individualistic evaluation methods that do not align with Indigenous
holistic community measures
- evaluations are misaligned with Indigenous health indicators
and lack validity.
107
effective health promotion strategy for Indigenous
blend Traditional and Western medicine perspectives
in clinical care
108
example of blend traditional and western medicine
medical centre that does this is the B C Cancer - Prince George Centre
for the North. The centre provides comprehensive cancer care and support programs for B C residents
in partnership with the regional health authorities.
109
methods the Prince George Centre for the North improve healthcare for Indigneous peoples
- they have
enabled all people living in the North to receive treatment closer to home and also provide telehealth
services
- ABORIGINAL CARE COODINATOR
- HEALING GARDEN
110
ABORIGINAL CARE COODINATOR
As part of their healthcare team, they have an Aboriginal Care Coordinator that aids in fostering a
trusting dynamic and helps facilitate treatment from an Indigenous perspective
111
HEALING GARDEN
- they have created a healing garden with
Indigenous plants of the north, known for their healing properties.
- constructed a smudging pavilion to promote and support Indigenous ceremonial healing practices
112
Indigenous health promotion should take a
holistic and community-based approach
113
how to achieve appropriate approaches
researchers must genuinely collaborate
with, and work alongside chiefs, elders, and leaders.
114
By creating a safe space for Indigenous voices to be heard, health promotion strategies can be
developed that reflect Indigenous cultures, values, and traditional knowledge.
115
factors involved in Indigenous health promotion
- protective
- prevention
- spirituality
116
PROTECTIVE FACTORS
* Self-government
* Land control
* Control over cultural activities
117
PREVENTION
* Community based approaches
* Gatekeeper training
* Peer support groups
118
SPIRITUALITY
* Using Indigenous concepts of well-being and spiritual practices: pow-wows, sweetgrass
ceremonies, and sweat lodges.
119
SUCCESSFUL PROGRAMS for Indigenous health promotion
- focus on community and family connectedness, community empowerment, and
Indigenous cultural affinity.
- have proven to be
effective in lowering rates of suicide
120
example of a successful indigenous program
- community-based approach to treat substance
abuse issues would involve community healers utilizing spiritual practices, dances, and ceremonies.
- In
many Indigenous communities culture is viewed as treatment and it is understood that all healing is spiritual
121
UNSUCCESSFUL PROGRAMS for Indigenous communities
- As the programs lacked Indigenous perspective, they created incongruences
in culture and resulted in the further disruption of Indigenous communities
- some situations, the
implementation of these suicide prevention programs has actually resulted in higher rates of suicide.
122
As a whole, health promotion focuses on
encouraging people to improve their health in one of two
ways
123
two ways health promotion aims to improve health
- increasing frequency of healthy behaviours
- eliminating their unhealthy behaviours
124
n increasing the frequency of healthy behaviours by
identifying healthy
behaviours and implementing programs to make these behaviours easier to achieve.
125
example of increasing frequency of healthy behaviours
OMama
126
OMama
- It is a smartphone application that aids mothers in tracking important pregnancy
information and following evidence-based health recommendations.
- Evidence suggests that health
events occurring in utero and in early life can have a major impact on the future long-term health of an individual.
127
how Omama works ; Pregnancy
Throughout pregnancy, OMama provides supporting information on healthy living, healthy
environments, folic acid supplements, immunizations, complementary therapies, prenatal care and
classes, and Group B Streptococcus (GBS) screening.
128
how Omama works ; Labour & Birth
OMama provides information on newborn complications, signs of labour, variations of
labour and birth, skin to skin contact, and breastfeeding
129
how Omama works ; Post-Partum:
OMama provides information on postpartum complications, postpartum recovery, and
breastfeeding.
130
how Omama works ; Newborn
OMama provides information on birth registration, newborn immunizations, mental health
supports, and caring for a newborn.
131
effective health promotion relies
on
interventions which help individuals replace these unhealthy behaviours in a sustainable way
- n not enough to simply
suggest replacing an unhealthy behaviour with a healthy behaviour
132
The
best health promotion is
is accessible to all, and leads to long-term changes for the target population.
133
In 2016, a report released by the Chiefs of Ontario and Cancer Care Ontario found a
significantly higher
prevalence of smoking in the First Nations population in comparison to the non-Indigneous population
in Ontario
134
traditional roles tobacco has in First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities in Ontario;
first nations
- e traditionally used tobacco for prayer, purifying the body and mind, providing
spiritual strength, guidance, and as a symbol of respect in First Nations gatherings
-most
practices do not involve directly inhaling tobacco smoke (e.g. holding burning tobacco in left hand as
an offering to the Creator).
135
traditional roles tobacco has in First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities in Ontario ' metis
- use of tobacco has historically been influenced by First Nations as a medicinal plant and for
social uses.
- Early Métis were known for being voyageurs, and during long canoe journeys they would
stop frequently for rest and to pipe
- this way of life became so important they would
measure their distance travelled by the number of pipes smoked
136
traditional roles tobacco has in First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities in Ontario ; inuit
From a traditional perspective, Inuit typically do not use tobacco for ceremonial or other practices
because tobacco could not grow in the colder climate of their traditional land.
137
In 2009, the Chiefs of Ontario passed a
resolution for First Nations to become tobacco-free. (that this resolution was only related to non-traditional commercial use of tobacco)
138
Currently, there is an initiative promoting and encouraging Indigenous communities to become
Tobacco-Wise by continuing traditional tobacco practices and eliminating commercial tobacco use
139
The Sacred Smoke Program was an initiative that was developed to
support and promote being
Tobacco-Wise in two communities
140
support and promote being
Tobacco-Wise in two communities
Batchewana First Nation and Garden River First Nation
141
The Sacred Smoke Program was
based on traditional Anishinaabe practices and shares smoking cessation information in
a culturally responsive manner.
142
This cessation program of The Sacred Smoke Program involved
both western medicine nicotine
replacement therapies and support groups in conjunction with traditional Anishinaabe medicines and
cultural resources.
143
culturally responsive smoking cessation strategies used in the Sacred Smoke Program.
- elders
- coping strategies
144
ELDERS
Led by elders, participants were shown how to make kinikinik (traditional tobacco) and taught
traditional methods of smoking cessation such as tobacco offerings, quitting on a new moon, and
selecting traditional medicines.
145
COPING STRATEGIES
Participants were shown how to incorporate adaptive coping strategies into their daily routines to help
distract from cravings and avoid relapse. Some of the strategies included exercise, drumming, crafts,
and cultural ceremonies.
146
The stages of prevention are a
continuum, meaning that at certain points along the continuum there is
an overlap between stages
147
Initially, the stages of disease prevention did not include
primordial
prevention, which would explain the obvious overlap between primordial and primary prevention, and
the naming of primary (first), secondary (second), and tertiary (third) prevention.
148
How would you describe the overlap between primordial and primary prevention? Consider the
similarities and differences between primordial and primary prevention.
- Both primordial and primary prevention address the risk factors or root causes (i.e. upstream factors)
that affect your likelihood of acquiring a disease
- primordial prevention aims to
avoid the development of the risk factor, while primary prevention aims to manage, modify, or
eliminate the risk factor.
- primordial prevention aims to
avoid the development of the risk factor, while primary prevention aims to manage, modify, or
eliminate the risk factor.
149
PRIMARY STRATEGY
The identification and modification of risk factors for disease.
150
PRIMARY AIM
Prevent occurrences of disease.
151
PRIMARY DISEASE STAGE
There is no disease present but the individual is susceptible to the
disease due to risk factors.
152
EXAMPLE OF PREVENTION
STRATEGIES primary
Quitting smoking.
153
SECONDARY STRATEGY
The early detection and treatment of diseases.
154
SECONDARY AIM
To stop the progression of the disease, or to either cure, prevent
complications and death, or to stop or limit spread of disease.
155
SECONDARY DISEASE STAGE
Subclinical or early clinical, pathological changes but no signs or
symptoms.
156
SECONDARY EXAMPLE OF PREVENTION
STRATEGIES
Regularly scheduled mammograms to detect and manage breast
cancer before there are symptoms.
157
TERTIARY STRATEGY
The treatment and rehabilitation of the person with the disease.
158
TERTIARY AIM
To limit disability, prevent relapse, and restore function.
159
TERTIARY DISEASE STAGE
Signs and symptoms of the disease, potential
complications/disabilities.
160
TERTIARY EXAMPLE OF PREVENTION
STRATEGIES
Early rehabilitation and management for people who have suffered a
stroke, so that they can optimize their recovery and prevent
complications.
161
Primary prevention aims to reduce the occurrence of a disease by
identifying and modifying risk
factors.
162
human papillomavirus (H P V) infections are the most common sexually transmitted
infections and can lead to six types of cancer, including
cervical and anogenital cancers
163
Screening plays a critical role in ___ and why
secondary prevention because it enables the early detection and
treatment of disease.
164
example of effective secondary prevention
the screening for cervical
cancer
165
Tertiary prevention involves the
treatment and control of disease
166
PIMORDIAL PREVENTION: SANITATION
- targets underlying health determinants by modifying social policies to improve
the health of a population.
- By providing safe drinking water, the risks that come with unsafe
water, such as earlier death, hunger, and undernourishment, are prevented.
167
PRIMARY PREVENTION: TOOTH BRUSHING
- Primary prevention strategies are more personal
- They target causes and risk factors for specific
diseases
- Brushing your teeth falls under the primary prevention level because it is a preventative
measure against cavities, tooth decay, and gum disease
168
SECONDARY PREVENTION: BLOOD SUGAR TEsting
- secondary prevention includes procedures that detect and treat pre-clinical pathological changes and
thereby control disease progression.
- in people living without diagnosed diabetes,
regularly testing blood sugar levels would help them identify the onset of diabetes early.
169
TERTIARY PREVENTION: STROKE REHABILITATIONSTING
- When a disease has developed and is in its clinical phase, tertiary prevention strategies help to soften
the impact on the patient’s function, survival, and quality of life
- patients that have had a
stroke may undergo rehabilitation to regain mobility in an affected area.
170
Health interventions aim to address
a health need or gap within a given population.
171
interventions are developed around three main criteria what are they
1. the target
2. the action
3. the means
172
the target
(the entity on which the action is
carried out
173
the action
a deed done by an actor to a target
174
the means
the processes and
methods by which the action is carried out
175
According to the Canadian Institutes of Health Research: Population health interventions are
policies, programs, and resource distribution approaches that
impact a number of people by changing the underlying conditions of risk and reducing health
inequities
176
step 1 of developing an intervention
Identify and Assess the Level of the Problem
177
step 2 of developing an intervention
Develop a Solution to the Problem
178
step 3 of developing an intervention
Describe the Action Plan for the Intervention
179
step 4 of developing an intervention
Assess the Potential Impact
180
Step 1: Identify and Assess the Level of the Problem how it is done
using a needs assessment
181
Common needs assessments include questions such as:
* What is the extent of the problem (including quantifying the difference in the selected population
compared to a population that has the “target state”)?
* What are potential root causes for the health problem (often choosing one root cause to focus on
when planning the intervention)?
* What are barriers and enablers to addressing the root cause through intervention?
182
Step 2: Develop a Solution to the Problem
After identification and assessment of the problem, a solution is developed. Solutions can be built
upon existing interventions and/or best practices.
183
Step 3: Describe the Action Plan for the Intervention involves
determining the details of the implementation of the proposed solution
184
Questions
that are addressed at stage 3 are :
* What specific change or aspect of the intervention will occur?
* Which groups will benefit from this intervention?
* Who will carry it out?
* When will the intervention be implemented? How long it will be maintained?
* What resources (money, staff) are needed? What resources are available?
* What is the feasibility of the plan?
185
Step 4: Assess the Potential Impact
Once the action plan has been described, the potential impact must be assessed
186
questions asked in stage 4
* What are the intended and unintended outcomes of this intervention?
* How will ‘success’ be measured?
* Will the impact be positive or negative?
187
Many interventions are built....
upon existing evidence
188
why are intervention built upon existing evidence
to ensure that the intervention is not only
warranted but that it is well-founded based on best practices
189
what is important to remember about an intervention once its implemented into reality
might not always be as effective as anticipated.
190
if they are not always effective as anticipate what must researchers do
investigate any intended (planned outcomes) or
unintended (unplanned) consequences of their proposed intervention plan
191
he idea of an additional quaternary prevention was initially proposed by who
Marc Jamoulle in 2015
192
what does quaternary prevention relate to
“primum non nocere” principle of medical ethics
193
Quaternary prevention is defined as
“action taken to identify patients at risk of overmedicalization, to protect them from new medical
invasion, and to suggest to them interventions which are ethically acceptable”.
194
. Quaternary prevention is important so that
doctors are conscious of the harm they may cause to their
patients, even unintentionally
195
example of Quaternary prevention
- current opioid crisis, which was initially caused by the overprescription of opioids for patients with chronic pain.
- The opioid crisis has
historically burdened marginalized and racialized people disproportionately, including Indigenous
people.
196
Conducting a needs assessment of the community informs who and about what
health promoters of the most pressing needs within a community, as described by its own members, and it also ensures that the intervention being planned is aligned with the needs that are perceived by the community.
197
One of the biggest benefits of involving community members throughout needs assessment of the community
higher
likelihood that the community will support the process and engage with the intervention, resulting in
improved chances of a successful intervention.
198
Successful interventions are often the result of
f effective collaboration between people, departments,
and disciplines
199
what attitude's can be extremely dangerous when carrying out an intervention and why?
paternalistic and patronizing
- as they may be disguised as a well-intentioned approach to take, it is
actually doing harm
200
where are paternalistic and patronizing attitudes often found
the white saviour complex (
builds a helpless and demeaning image of marginalized and vulnerable communities, which further
disempowers them)
201
The most
important aspect of providing aid in community involves
- listening to the them
- work in complete collaboration with them.
202
GLPH 271
flashcards
Decks in class (5)
# Cards
