define urban slums, provide ex of nutrition-related challenges
slum=
- overcrowding
- inadequate access to safe water
- inadequate access to sanitation/infrastructure
- housing is of poor structural quality
- insecure residential status
challenges:
- high stunting, some underweight/wasting
- higher death rates
- diarrhea, fever, cough, MN deficiency (esp Vit A)
evaluate usefulness of food production sack gardens to improve food security in slums
sack gardens: urban farming initiate, empty sugar sack filled w/ soil, manure, stones. plant kale/spinach etc.
benefits: improve food security, vegetables for 4 meals/week, dietary diversification, may sell
challenges: limited availability of clean soil, water, manure, space. damage from pests/animals, goats and ppl stealing
describe consequences of inadequate WASH
WASH reduces diarrhea, parasites, enteropathy.
diarrhea kills equal # of children to AIDS, malaria, measles combined (60% due to inadequate WASH)
comment on extent to which diarrhea is responsible for children’s deaths throughout the world
diarrhea burden from birth-24 months predicts stunting
- more diarrhea in africa, asia
- kills 1,370 kids/day
what is meant by improved drinking water and sanitation and characterize access to improve drinking water and sanitation throughout world
improved water includes:
- piped water into dwelling
- piped water to yard/plot
- public tap
- tubewell/borehole
- protected dug well
- protected spring
- rainwater collected/stored unil used
role of social norms and personal beliefs in strategies to reduce open defecation, give examples
“no toilet, no bride”
= social pressure to help end open defecation via media campagin. encouraged boys families to buy a latrine
ex of What? So what? now what? with wash
What?
• WASH refers to access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene
• Poor WASH is an underlying cause of undernutrition
• 663 million people worldwide do not have access to safe water
So What?
• interventions to improve WASH reduce diarrhea and intestinal parasites’ and enteropathy
• diarrhea kills 1, 370 children each day, and 60% of those deaths can be attributed to inadequate WASH
• improved WASH practices can prevent diarrhea, thereby preventing deaths due to diarrhea
Now What?
• interventions to improve WASH need to be implemented
• Social pressure can be used to help people follow the guidelines. for example, in India, a media campaign was launched to help end open defecation and to promote sanitation
• more education about proper WASH practices, such as washing hands after contact with excreta, are necessary
evaluate pros and cons of poorism and voluntourism
pros:
- learn about others, deepend empathy
- provide economic opportunities (tourism)
- if volunteer is trained to do work, may be helpful
Cons
- drains local resources
- disrupts local economy
- volunteers inexperienced
- inadequate supervision
- short involvement
- may have very negative impactevelop really close relationships with kids. Perception: wow, doing something really good. But when children are developing, they are learning about interactions/predictability of adults. When young kids form attachment to nice person, forms a big part of life for short time, but then the person leaves. The child is left with feeling of “abandonment, lack of trust”. Really damaging. Undermines their psychological developmen
provide ex of causes of nutrition-related challenges associate with living in urban slum
- No access to clean water, disease outbreaks, inadequate storage, lack of access to food, contamination, food preparation challenges, often wood stoves = bad air quality
role of social norms/personal beliefs in strategies to reduce open defecation, give ex initiatives aimed to change
essential to work in partnership to achieve public health aims. most ppl without latrine do without bc they dont want to, not bc money.
ex.children in school learned about WASH, promote toilet use.
