Module ll (PPT 2 + 3)

Question 1

What is a mechanical oscillations that are transmitted by particles in a gas, liquid, or solid medium

Answer 1

Sound waves

Question 2

What does ultrasound transmit through a medium?

Answer 2

Longitudinal Pressure Waves

Question 2

Distance of each cycle is…?

Answer 2

Wavelength

Question 2

Spatial Pulse Length (SPL) equation?

Answer 2

Wavelength (mm) x # of cycles in a pulse

Question 2

What is the relation between frequency and wavelength?

Answer 2

Inverse

Question 3

If sound wave increases, what happens to pressure amplitude?

Answer 3

Increases; Direct relation

Question 4

The amount of pressure that increases or decreases as the sound wave travels through the medium is…?

Answer 4

Pressure Amplitude

Question 5

Pulse Duration (PD) equation?

Answer 5

PRP x # of cycles in each pulse

Question 6

If frequency increases, what happens to pulse duration?

Answer 6

Decreases, Inverse Relation

Question 7

What 2 factors does Velocity of Sound depend on?

Answer 7

stiffness and density of the medium

Question 8

Produces the sound beam used in diagnostic ultrasound is…?

Answer 8

Piezoelectric effect

Question 9

What determines lateral resolution?

Answer 9

Beam width

Question 10

Axial Resolution

Answer 10

Imaging systems ability to determine the two different depths of two different structures (objects above and below eachother)

Question 11

Lateral Resolution

Answer 11

Imaging systems ability to resolve objects
within the imaging plane that are located side by side at the same depth from the transducer.

Question 12

Difference between a curved array and sector array.

Answer 12

Sector array produces a “skinnier” image

Question 13

Nonspecular Resolution

Answer 13

Interfaces

Question 14

Recording a motion image of a moving structure is what mode?

Answer 14

M-Mode (motion mode)

Question 15

What 3 axis’s are required to create a Three-dimensional Ultrasound?

Answer 15

x,y,x axis

Question 16

What Mode displays the intensity (amplitude) of an echo?

Answer 16

B-Mode (Brightness Modulation)

Question 17

What factors should you consider when choosing the appropriate transducer for a patient?

Answer 17

Size of the patient, and muscular/fatty tissue present

Question 18

Name the 5 types of transducers

Answer 18

1.Multielement
2.Sector-phased Array
3.Linear-Array
4.Curved-Array
5.Intraluminal

Question 19

A device that converts energy from one type to another is called a …?

Answer 19

Transducer

Question 20

What are 2 things that are focused by the array transducers?

Answer 20

Reception and Transmission

Question 21

What is the “Focal Zone”?

Answer 21

Sharpest imagery point

Question 22

What is another term for "Azmithul Resolution"?

Answer 22

Elevation Resolution

Question 23

What is "Azmithul Resolution"?

Answer 23

The ability for a device to distinguish two objects that are the same distance from the transducer but located perpendicular to the plane of imaging

Question 24

Finish the Statement: Azmithul resolution is related to the ______ of the _______ slice.

Answer 24

thickness ; tomographic

Question 25

Refers to a change in frequency of a sound wave is...?

Answer 25

Doppler Effect

Question 26

The angle that the reflector path makes with the ultrasound beam is ...?

Answer 26

Doppler Angle

Question 27

Finish the Statement: As the __________ from 0 to 90 degrees, the detected __________ shift _______

Answer 27

Doppler Angle increases; Doppler frequency; decreases

Question 28

At 90 degrees, how much is the Doppler Shift?

Answer 28

Zero (regardless of the flow velocity)

Question 29

T/F The the closer the Doppler angle is to 0, it has more accurate flow velocity

Answer 29

True

Question 30

What 2 piezoelectric elements does Continuous Doppler Waves have?

Answer 30

One for sending and one for receiving

Question 31

In Color Doppler, what direction does Red flow and what color does Blue flow in relation to the transducer?

Answer 31

-Blue is usually assigned to velocity/flow that is going away from the transducer. -Red is usually assigned to flow coming towards the transducer.

Question 32

Would a Pulsed Wave Doppler be used for lower or higher velocity flows?

Answer 32

Lower velocity/flow

Question 33

What is "Aliasing"?

Answer 33

An artifact that presents as a reversal of flow direction and a "wrapping around" of the Doppler spectral waveform

Question 34

How can you avoid aliasing?

Answer 34

Change from a pulse wave to a continuous wave to record higher velocities more accurately

Question 35

List Propagation Artifacts:

Answer 35

Section thickness Speckle Speed error Grating Lobes Mirror Image Reverberation Refraction Range Ambiguity

Question 36

List Attenuation Artifacts:

Answer 36

-Shadowing -Enhancement

Question 37

How are "Technique Artifacts" created?

Answer 37

Based on the Operators technique

Question 38

List Color Doppler Artifacts:

Answer 38

-Aliasing -Mirror Image -Shadowing -Clutter

Question 39

List "Technique" Artifacts:

Answer 39

1. Noise 2. Banding

Question 40

How is "Noise" artifact created? What is the solution to get rid of this artifact?

Answer 40

Excess gain; Decrease gain or adjust TGC slides

Question 41

How is "Banding" artifact created? What is the solution to get rid of this artifact?

Answer 41

A finely focused transducer or inaccurate TGC slides; Change transducer or TGC Slides

Question 42

Name a "Movement" Artifact:

Answer 42

Breathing

Question 43

What is a "Breathing" artifact? What is a solution to get rid of this artifact?

Answer 43

Image becomes distorted or blurred do to pt breathing; Ask patient to take deep breath or stop breathing

Question 44

What is another term(s) for "Section-Thickness Artifact"?

Answer 44

Slice-Thickness Artifact ; Partial-Volume Artifact

Question 45

What is "Artifactual Noise"? How is it caused?

Answer 45

Distorted imaging or signals not caused by the machine itself; Occurs if Ultrasound machine is plugged into the same outlet as another high powered piece of equipment.

Question 46

3 Examples of Attenuation?

Answer 46

Reflection, Scattering, Absorption

Question 47

The measure of a materials resistance to the propagation of sound is called...?

Answer 47

Acoustic Impedance

Question 48

Why does sound reflection occur?

Answer 48

When a pulse interacts with tissues that have different acoustic impedances

Question 49

T/F Angle of reflection is the same as Angle of Incidence

Answer 49

True

Question 50

What angle helps a reflection angle occur?

Answer 50

Perpendicular incidence

Question 51

Interfaces that are smaller than the wavelength or not smooth (rough) are called...?

Answer 51

Nonspecular Reflectors

Question 52

The ability of an imaging process to distinguish adjacent structures in an object is called...?

Answer 52

Resolution

Question 53

Where is the best lateral resolution located?

Answer 53

Focal Zone (sharpest image point)

Question 54

Label the Arrays

Answer 54

1.Curved 2.Linear 3.Annular 4.Sector

Question 55

What mode produces one-dimensional image displaying the amplitude strength?

Answer 55

A-Mode (Amplitude Modulation)

Question 56

Label the Image

Answer 56

1. Transducer 2. Transmitter 3. Beam 4. Receiver 5. Memory 6. Monitor 7. Hard Copy 8. Digital Storage

Question 57

Does a transducer spend more time emitting sound or processing echoes?

Answer 57

Processing echoes (99% of the time)

Question 58

The amplification or boost of the echo signals is called...?

Answer 58

Gain

Question 59

Amplify the receiver gain gradually at specific depths is called...?

Answer 59

TGC (Time Gain Compensation)

Question 60

the range of input signal levels that produce noticeable changes in the output of the device is called...?

Answer 60

Dynamic Range

Question 61

What is High and Low Dynamic Range best used for?

Answer 61

Low Dynamic Range - Vascular and Echo (more black and white) High Dynamic Range - Abdominal and OB (More contrast of grays)

Question 62

What is a term for the "Lowest Frequency"? (has to do with harmonics)

Answer 62

First Harmonic or Fundamental Harmonic

Question 63

What helps an image be free of the noise formed during the passage of sound?

Answer 63

Harmonics

Question 64

What is the name of this angle called?

Answer 64

Doppler Angle